全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3932篇 |
免费 | 334篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
4268篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 25篇 |
2022年 | 40篇 |
2021年 | 64篇 |
2020年 | 53篇 |
2019年 | 60篇 |
2018年 | 65篇 |
2017年 | 84篇 |
2016年 | 124篇 |
2015年 | 180篇 |
2014年 | 225篇 |
2013年 | 257篇 |
2012年 | 333篇 |
2011年 | 296篇 |
2010年 | 216篇 |
2009年 | 166篇 |
2008年 | 222篇 |
2007年 | 244篇 |
2006年 | 196篇 |
2005年 | 196篇 |
2004年 | 174篇 |
2003年 | 156篇 |
2002年 | 176篇 |
2001年 | 46篇 |
2000年 | 46篇 |
1999年 | 50篇 |
1998年 | 45篇 |
1997年 | 31篇 |
1996年 | 40篇 |
1995年 | 31篇 |
1994年 | 31篇 |
1993年 | 24篇 |
1992年 | 22篇 |
1991年 | 25篇 |
1990年 | 24篇 |
1989年 | 28篇 |
1988年 | 29篇 |
1987年 | 15篇 |
1986年 | 16篇 |
1985年 | 17篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 16篇 |
1981年 | 17篇 |
1980年 | 9篇 |
1979年 | 14篇 |
1978年 | 11篇 |
1977年 | 7篇 |
1976年 | 12篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1973年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有4268条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
31.
Abstract. An inventory was made of the vegetation and soils of a watershed area of 480 ha in the tropical rain forest of Guyana. 252 plots of 0.05 ha were sampled. In total 111 tree species > 20 cm were recorded. A TWINSPAN analysis resulted in seven groupings. Correspondence Analysis revealed that the major environmental differentiation underlying the floristic variation is according to soil type. Finally, five main forest communities were described. Most sites in the watershed area are characterized by the dominance of one or a few species. Species distribution patterns are strongly determined by soil type and drainage class. 相似文献
32.
Brice Maxime Nkouayeb Nangmou Hermine Laure Maza Djomkam Georges Bellier Tabekoueng Willifred Dongmo Tékapi Tsopgni Gabin Thierry Mbahbou Bitchagno Michel Arnaud Mbock Raceline Gounoue Kamkumo Marcel Frese Bruno Ndjakou Lenta Silvère Augustin Ngouela Nobert Sewald Anatole Guy Blaise Azebaze 《化学与生物多样性》2023,20(4):e202200271
The root extract of Nauclea xanthoxylon (A.Chev.) Aubrév. displayed significant 50 % inhibition concentration (IC50s) of 0.57 and 1.26 μg/mL against chloroquine resistant and sensitive Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) Dd2 and 3D7 strains, respectively. Bio-guided fractionation led to an ethyl acetate fraction with IC50s of 2.68 and 1.85 μg/mL and subsequently, to the new quinovic acid saponin named xanthoxyloside ( 1 ) with IC50s of 0.33 and 1.30 μM, respectively against the tested strains. Further compounds obtained from ethyl acetate and hexane fractions were the known clethric acid ( 2 ), ursolic acid ( 3 ), quafrinoic acid ( 4 ), quinovic acid ( 5 ), quinovic acid 3-O-β-D-fucopyranoside ( 6 ), oleanolic acid ( 7 ), oleanolic acid 3-acetate ( 8 ), friedelin ( 9 ), β-sitosterol ( 10a ), stigmasterol ( 10b ) and stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ( 11 ). Their structures were characterised with the aid of comprehensive spectroscopic methods (1 and 2D NMR, Mass). Bio-assays were performed using nucleic acid gel stain (SYBR green I)-based fluorescence assay with chloroquine as reference. Extracts and compounds exhibited good selectivity indices (SIs) of >10. Significant antiplasmodial activities measured for the crude extract, the ethyl acetate fraction and xanthoxyloside ( 1 ) from that fraction can justify the use of the root of N. xanthoxylon in ethnomedicine to treat malaria. 相似文献
33.
Sigrun Skjelseth Arne Moksnes Eivin Røskaft H. Lisle Gibbs Michael Taborsky Barbara Taborsky Marcel Honza Oddmund Kleven 《Journal of avian biology》2003,35(1):21-24
Microsatellite DNA markers were used to investigate parentage relationships in a population of common cuckoo Cuculus canorus . Thirty adults and 55 nestlings were genotyped at six loci from blood samples collected over a four-year period. To test whether each cuckoo female specialises in parasitising one single host species (Host Preference Hypothesis), the maternal relationships were used to record each female's host choice. The results supported the Host Preference Hypothesis since no female (N=3) was recorded to have parasitised more than one of four congeneric host species breeding in the area. In contrast, the males (N=4) did not show such specialisation since two of them sired offspring reared by different host species. 相似文献
34.
Eve-Marie Josse Jean-Pierre Alcaraz Anne-Marie Labouré Marcel Kuntz 《European journal of biochemistry》2003,270(18):3787-3794
The plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) encoded by the Arabidopsis IMMUTANS gene was expressed in Escherichia coli cells and its quinone/oxygen oxidoreductase activity monitored in isolated bacterial membranes using NADH as an electron donor. Specificity for plastoquinone was observed. Neither ubiquinone, duroquinone, phylloquinone nor benzoquinone could substitute for plastoquinone in this assay. However, duroquinol (fully reduced chemically) was an accepted substrate. Iron is also required and cannot be substituted by Cu(2+), Zn(2+) or Mn(2+). This plastoquinol oxidase activity is independent of temperature over the 15-40 degrees C range but increases with pH (from 5.5 to 9.0). Unlike higher plant mitochondrial alternative oxidases, to which PTOX shows sequence similarity (but also differences, especially in a putative quinone binding site and in cysteine conservation), PTOX activity does not appear to be regulated by pyruvate or any other tested sugar, nor by AMP. Its activity decreases, however, with increasing salt (NaCl or KCl) concentration. Various quinone analogues were tested for their inhibitory activity on PTOX. Pyrogallol analogues were found to be inhibitors, especially octyl gallate (I50 = 0.4 microM ) that appears far more potent than propyl gallate or gallic acid. Thus, octyl gallate is a useful inhibitor for future in vivo or in organello studies aimed at studying the roles of PTOX in chlororespiration and as a cofactor for carotenoid biosynthesis. 相似文献
35.
Bastiaan L. Slierendregt Nel Otting Marcel Kenter Ronald E. Bontrop 《Immunogenetics》1995,41(1):29-37
Allelic diversity at the major histocompatibility complex class II DP locus of rhesus macaques was studied by sequencing exon 2 of Mamu-DPA1 and -DPB1 genes. The Mamu-DPA1 gene is apparently invariant, whereas the Mamu-DPB1 locus displays polymorphism. Here we report the characterization of 1 Mamu-DPA1 and 13 Mamu-DPB1 alleles which were compared with other available primate Mhc-DPA1 and -DPB1 sequences. As compared with Mhc-DRB and -DQB1, most codons for the contact residues in the antigen binding site of the primate Mhc-DPB1 gene have a relatively low degree of variation in encoding various types of amino acids. In contrast to Mhc-DRB and -DQB, the HLA- and Mamu-DPB1 sequences cluster in a species-specific manner in phylogenetic trees. Mhc-DPB1 polymorphisms, however, are inherited in a transspecies mode of evolution, as is demonstrated by the sharing of lineage members between closely related macaque species. The data demonstrate that the transspecies character of Mhc-DPB1 polymorphism was retained over much shorter periods of time as compared with its sister class II loci, Mhc-DQ and -DR.The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to the EMBL nucleotide sequence database and have been assigned the accession numbers Z32402–Z32415 相似文献
36.
Swamp gorillas in northern Congo 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
37.
Abousalham Abdelkarim; Teissere Marcel; Gardies Anne-Marie; Verger Robert; Noat Georges 《Plant & cell physiology》1995,36(6):989-996
Phospholipase D (phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase EC3.1.4.4
[EC]
) from soybean (Glycine max L.) suspension-cultured cellwas purified around 1,200-fold to homogeneity by acetone precipitation,Macro-Prep High Q anion exchange, and octyl-Sepharose CL-4Baffinity chromatography. The purified enzyme released 1,600µmol of choline per min per mg of protein. The enzymeis monomeric with a molecular mass of 92 kDa, as estimated bySDS-PAGE. One of the most interesting characteristics of thepurified soybean phospholipase D was the dependence of the pHoptimum on the Ca2+ ion concentration in the assay. With 10mM, 20 mM and 40 mM Ca2+ ions, the optima were at pH 7.5, 6and 5.5, respectively. The specific adsorption of phospholipaseD onto octyl-Sepharose gel suggests that the molecule becomesmore hydrophobic in the presence of Ca2+ ions. The amino acidsequence of the first 18 N-terminal residues of soybean phospholipaseD revealed a high degree of homology with those previously publishedfor cabbage leaf and castor bean endosperm enzymes. Westernblots of the soybean phospholipase D showed an immunoreactivitywith antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide correspondingto the 15 N-terminal aminoacid residues of phospholipase D fromcabbage leaves. (Received March 13, 1995; Accepted May 29, 1995) 相似文献
38.
39.
Marcel M. Verbeek Robert M. W. de Waal Janine J. Schipper †William E. Van Nostrand 《Journal of neurochemistry》1997,68(3):1135-1141
Abstract: Amyloid β protein (Aβ) deposition in the cerebral arterial and capillary walls is one of the major characteristics of brains from patients with Alzheimer's disease and hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis-Dutch type (HCHWA-D). Vascular Aβ deposition is accompanied by degeneration of smooth muscle cells and pericytes. In this study we found that Aβ1–40 carrying the "Dutch" mutation (HCHWA-D Aβ1–40 ) as well as wild-type Aβ1–42 induced degeneration of cultured human brain pericytes and human leptomeningeal smooth muscle cells, whereas wild-type Aβ1–40 and HCHWA-D Aβ1–42 were inactive. Cultured brain pericytes appeared to be much more vulnerable to Aβ-induced degeneration than leptomeningeal smooth muscle cells, because in brain pericyte cultures cell viability already decreased after 2 days of exposure to HCHWA-D Aβ1–40 , whereas in leptomeningeal smooth muscle cell cultures cell death was prominent only after 4–5 days. Moreover, leptomeningeal smooth muscle cell cultures were better able to recover than brain pericyte cultures after short-term treatment with HCHWA-D Aβ1–40 . Degeneration of either cell type was preceded by an increased production of cellular amyloid precursor protein. Both cell death and amyloid precursor protein production could be inhibited by the amyloid-binding dye Congo red, suggesting that fibril assembly of Aβ is crucial for initiating its destructive effects. These data imply an important role for Aβ in inducing perivascular cell pathology as observed in the cerebral vasculature of patients with Alzheimer's disease or HCHWA-D. 相似文献
40.
Daniel Duprez Dirk Voet Marc De Buyzere Benny Drieghe Bruno Vyncke Sigrid Mareels Marcel Afschrift Denis L. Clement 《European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology》1995,71(5):459-463
The splanchnic circulation can make a major contribution to blood flow changes. However, the role of the splanchnic circulation in the reflex adjustments to the blood pressure increase during isometric exercise is not well documented. The central command and the muscle chemoreflex are the two major mechanisms involved in the blood pressure response to isometric exercise. This study aimed to examine the behaviour of the superior mesenteric artery during isometric handgrip (IHG) at 30% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The pulsatility index (PI) of the blood velocity waveform of the superior mesenteric artery was taken as the study parameter. A total of ten healthy subjects [mean age, 21.1 (SEM 0.3) years] performed an IHG at 30% MVC for 90 s. At 5 s prior to the end of the exercise, muscle circulation was arrested for 90 s to study the effect of the muscle chemoreflex (post exercise arterial occlusion, PEAO). The IHG at 30% MVC caused a decrease in superior mesenteric artery PI, from 4.84 (SEM 1.57) at control level to 3.90 (SEM 1.07) (P = 0.015). The PI further decreased to 3.17 (SEM 0.70) (P = 0.01) during PEAO. Our results indicated that ergoreceptors may be involved in the superior mesenteric artery vasodilatation during isometric exercise. 相似文献