Association of BF,RBP4, and ESR2 Genotypes with Litter Size in an Autochthonous Pig Population

The aim of the present study was to determine any potential association of the BF, RBP4, and ESR2 genes with reproduction traits in an autochthonous Greek pig population. The PCR-RFLP methodology was implemented for genotyping purposes of the examined genes. No deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed for the examined loci, while the B allele noted to be the more frequent in all analyzed genes. In addition, sows with the AA genotype of BF gene found to produce significantly lower numbers of the total born piglets (TNB) and number of piglets born alive (TNA), while the respective BB genotype significantly exceeded in TNB and NBA traits compared to the other two genotypes (P?Abbreviations: TNB: Total number of born piglets; NBA: Number of piglets born alive     

Anticipating endoplasmic reticulum stress. A novel early response before pathogenesis-related gene induction

When it is attacked by a pathogen, a plant produces a range of defense-related proteins. Many of these are synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) to be secreted from the cell or deposited in vacuoles. Genes encoding endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident chaperones, such as the lumenal binding protein (BiP), are also induced under these conditions. Here, we show that BiP induction occurs systemically throughout the plant. Furthermore, this induction occurs rapidly and precedes expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. The underlying signal transduction pathway was shown to be independent of the signaling molecule salicylic acid and the unfolded protein response pathway. In addition, BiP induction was independent of PR gene induction. Overproduction of BiP alone was not sufficient to cause induction of PR gene expression; however, limiting the amount of BiP in the ER lumen via superimposed ER stress inhibited the induction of PR gene expression. We propose that the induction of BiP expression during plant-pathogen interactions is required as an early response to support PR protein synthesis on the RER and that a novel signal transduction pathway exists to trigger this rapid response.     

Cloud computing and validation of expandable in silico livers

Background  

In Silico Livers (ISLs) are works in progress. They are used to challenge multilevel, multi-attribute, mechanistic hypotheses about the hepatic disposition of xenobiotics coupled with hepatic responses. To enhance ISL-to-liver mappings, we added discrete time metabolism, biliary elimination, and bolus dosing features to a previously validated ISL and initiated re-validated experiments that required scaling experiments to use more simulated lobules than previously, more than could be achieved using the local cluster technology. Rather than dramatically increasing the size of our local cluster we undertook the re-validation experiments using the Amazon EC2 cloud platform. So doing required demonstrating the efficacy of scaling a simulation to use more cluster nodes and assessing the scientific equivalence of local cluster validation experiments with those executed using the cloud platform.