西南喀斯特长期植被修复对土壤有机碳组分的影响

揭示西南喀斯特土壤有机碳分布积累及其组分构成对长期植被修复的响应规律和内在机理,可为喀斯特石漠化科学治理和阐明喀斯特植被修复的土壤碳汇效应提供科学依据。以西南典型喀斯特石漠化植被恢复区实施了28-31年的4种植被修复工程内的7种典型修复措施(人造乔木林:柏木和柚木种植;人造灌木林:花椒和火龙果种植;人造藤林:金银花种植;人工草地:砂仁和皇竹草种植)为研究对象,系统分析了土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、缓效性有机碳和惰性有机碳分布积累对长期植被修复的响应。结果表明:(1)西南喀斯特长期植被修复显著改变了土壤有机碳及其组分的分布积累。人造乔木和藤本显著提升土壤有机碳及其各组分的分布积累,但人工种草不仅不能提高土壤有机碳的累积,反而在多数情况下降低了土壤总有机碳含量和储量以及土壤有机碳各组分含量。(2)西南喀斯特长期植被修复明显影响着土壤有机碳库组分结构。除人工种草外,植被修复显著提升了土壤有机碳库中缓效性有机碳的占比。人造花椒明显降低了土壤有机碳库中活性有机碳的占比。柏木种植显著增加了土壤有机碳碳库中的惰性有机碳的比例,而火龙果和砂仁种植明显降低了土壤有机碳碳库中的惰性有机碳的比例。(3)土壤总氮、总磷和容重与土壤有机碳及其各组分的分布积累具有极显著正/负相关,是长期植被修复背景下西南喀斯特土壤有机碳及其组分分布积累的主要影响因子。研究结果为西南喀斯特脆弱生态系统科学植被恢复,以及基于植被修复的土壤碳循环调控助力碳中和提供了科学理论依据。     

栽培荞麦45S和5S rDNA的染色体物理定位研究

采用双色荧光原位杂交技术,对栽培荞麦甜荞和苦荞有丝分裂中期染色体上的45S和5S rDNA基因物理位置进行了定位分析。结果表明,甜荞有4对45S rDNA位点,位于ⅠS、ⅡS、ⅢL、ⅤL(L和S代表长臂和短臂,罗马数字代表染色体序号,下同);2对5S rDNA位点,位于ⅠL、ⅣS。苦荞有5对45S rDNA位点,位于ⅠS、ⅡS、ⅢL、ⅤL、ⅦS;3对5S rDNA位点,位于ⅠL、ⅣS、ⅥS。甜荞与苦荞的45S和5S rDNA位点具有明显的差异,显示其起源上关系较远。依据中期染色体45S和5SrDNA位点信息及经典核型特征,可以准确鉴别甜荞与苦荞8对同源染色体。     

西南喀斯特高原盆地石漠化环境植物群落结构与物种多样性时空动态

为阐明西南典型喀斯特石漠化类型——喀斯特高原盆地石漠化植物群落结构和物种多样性特征及其演变规律,科学支撑喀斯特石漠化治理,选取了喀斯特高原盆地典型石漠化区贵州清镇簸箩小流域为研究区域,对其植被进行广泛的野外勘察,设置典型样方研究其植物群落结构和物种多样性特征;运用空间替代时间方法,研究石漠化演变过程中植物群落结构和物种多样性变化;基于2013—2015连续3 a的监测数据,研究其年际变化。结果表明:研究区群落结构简单,共记录到的植物分布58种,其中草本层18科24属28种、木本层17科25属30种;单种属的比例很高,为82.86%。不同等级石漠化环境植物群落高度、平均地径、平均冠幅、草本层生物量和灌木层生物量均具有显著差异;植物种群密度在不同等级石漠化环境变化依次为轻度石漠化中度石漠化潜在石漠化无石漠化。不同等级石漠化环境植物多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数和优势度指数均偏低,而且4种指数均与石漠化等级演替无明显耦合关系。不同年份植物群落高度、平均地径、种群密度和灌木层生物量随着时间的推移均呈增加趋势,但相邻年份增加不显著。研究区生态系统人为干扰逐渐减弱,植被呈现出正向演替的趋势,优势种的重要性趋于降低。该研究结果对我国西南喀斯特盆地生态功能恢复和石漠化植被重建具有一定的理论意义和实践指导价值。     

An abietane diterpenoid is a potent activator of systemic acquired resistance

Abietane diterpenoids are major constituents of conifer resins that have important industrial and medicinal applications. However, their function in plants is poorly understood. Here we show that dehydroabietinal (DA), an abietane diterpenoid, is an activator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), which is an inducible defense mechanism that is activated in the distal, non-colonized, organs of a plant that has experienced a local foliar infection. DA was purified as a SAR-activating factor from vascular sap of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves treated with a SAR-inducing microbe. Locally applied DA is translocated through the plant and systemically induces the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), an important activator of defense, thus leading to enhanced resistance against subsequent infections. The NPR1 (NON-EXPRESSOR OF PR GENES1), FMO1 (FLAVIN-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE1) and DIR1 (DEFECTIVE IN INDUCED RESISTANCE1) genes, which are critical for biologically induced SAR, are also required for the DA-induced SAR, which is further enhanced by azelaic acid, a defense priming molecule. In response to the biological induction of SAR, DA in vascular sap is redistributed into a SAR-inducing 'signaling DA' pool that is associated with a trypsin-sensitive high molecular weight fraction, a finding that suggests that DA-orchestrated SAR involves a vascular sap protein(s).     

Nonspecific Phospholipase C NPC4 Promotes Responses to Abscisic Acid and Tolerance to Hyperosmotic Stress in Arabidopsis

Diacyglycerol (DAG) is an important class of cellular lipid messengers, but its function in plants remains elusive. Here, we show that knockout of the Arabidopsis thaliana nonspecific phospholipase C (NPC4) results in a decrease in DAG levels and compromises plant response to abscisic acid (ABA) and hyperosmotic stresses. NPC4 hydrolyzes various phospholipids in a calcium-independent manner, producing DAG and a phosphorylated head group. NPC4 knockout (KO) plants display decreased ABA sensitivity in seed germination, root elongation, and stomatal movement and had decreased tolerance to high salinity and water deficiency. Overexpression of NPC4 renders plants more sensitive to ABA and more tolerant to hyperosmotic stress than wild-type plants. Addition of a short-chain DAG or a short-chain phosphatidic acid (PA) restores the ABA response of NPC4-KO to that of the wild type, but the addition of DAG together with a DAG kinase inhibitor does not result in a wild-type phenotype. These data suggest that NPC4-produced DAG is converted to PA and that NPC4 and its derived lipids positively modulate ABA response and promote plant tolerance to drought and salt stresses.     

Phospholipase Dε and phosphatidic acid enhance Arabidopsis nitrogen signaling and growth

Activation of phospholipase D (PLD) produces phosphatidic acid (PA), a lipid messenger implicated in cell growth and proliferation, but direct evidence for PLD and PA promotion of growth at the organism level is lacking. Here we characterize a new PLD gene, PLDε , and show that it plays a role in promoting Arabidopsis growth. PLDε is mainly associated with the plasma membrane, and is the most permissive of all PLDs tested with respect to its activity requirements. Knockout (KO) of PLDε decreases root growth and biomass accumulation, whereas over-expression (OE) of PLDε enhances root growth and biomass accumulation. The level of PA was higher in OE plants, but lower in KO plants than in wild-type plants, and suppression of PLD-mediated PA formation by alcohol alleviated the growth-promoting effect of PLDε. OE and KO of PLDε had opposite effects on lateral root elongation in response to nitrogen. Increased expression of PLDε also promoted root hair elongation and primary root growth under severe nitrogen deprivation. The results suggest that PLDε and PA promote organism growth and play a role in nitrogen signaling. The lipid-signaling process may play a role in connecting membrane sensing of nutrient status to increased plant growth and biomass production.     

Phospholipase Dα1 and Phosphatidic Acid Regulate NADPH Oxidase Activity and Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in ABA-Mediated Stomatal Closure in Arabidopsis

We determined the role of Phospholipase Dα1 (PLDα1) and its lipid product phosphatidic acid (PA) in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells. The pldα1 mutant failed to produce ROS in guard cells in response to ABA. ABA stimulated NADPH oxidase activity in wild-type guard cells but not in pldα1 cells, whereas PA stimulated NADPH oxidase activity in both genotypes. PA bound to recombinant Arabidopsis NADPH oxidase RbohD (respiratory burst oxidase homolog D) and RbohF. The PA binding motifs were identified, and mutation of the Arg residues 149, 150, 156, and 157 in RbohD resulted in the loss of PA binding and the loss of PA activation of RbohD. The rbohD mutant expressing non-PA-binding RbohD was compromised in ABA-mediated ROS production and stomatal closure. Furthermore, ABA-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) was impaired in pldα1 guard cells. Disruption of PA binding to ABI1 protein phosphatase 2C did not affect ABA-induced production of ROS or NO, but the PA–ABI1 interaction was required for stomatal closure induced by ABA, H₂O₂, or NO. Thus, PA is as a central lipid signaling molecule that links different components in the ABA signaling network in guard cells.     

贵州喀斯特石漠化地区植物多样性与土壤理化性质

以贵州典型喀斯特石漠化生态系统环境为研究对象,运用野外取样调查和实验室检测分析方法,研究不同等级石漠化环境植物多样性和土壤理化性质特征及其相关性;运用空间替代时间方法,探讨石漠化演替过程中植物多样性和土壤理化性质的响应,旨在为贵州乃至整个中国西南喀斯特森林生态保护和石漠化生态系统恢复重建提供理论支撑。结果表明:1)石漠化环境植物群路组成简单,物种丰富度也很低,且随着石漠化程度增加,植被物种组成呈递减趋势;不同等级石漠化环境植物多样性具有显著差异,均匀度指数变化与石漠化等级演替明显耦合,显示了随石漠化程度增加而减小的变化趋势。2)不同等级石漠化环境土壤理化性质存在显著差异,随着石漠化程度增加,土壤理化性质显示了先退化后改善的响应过程。土壤有机质、氮素、毛管持水量、容重和孔隙度与植物多样性具有明显的相关性,在改善土壤理化性质和促进植物多样性恢复方面起着关键作用。3)主成分分析表明,土壤有机质、氮素、钾素、持水状况、孔隙度和植物多样性均匀度指数等是基于土壤理化性质和植物多样性评价石漠化程度的关键指标。基于上述结果,进一步阐述了石漠化演替过程中植物多样性和土壤理化性质的变化规律和响应机制。研究结果对我国西南喀斯特森林生态保护和石漠化生态系统恢复重建具有一定的理论意义和实践指导价值。