Differential microbial clearance and immunoresponse of Balb/c (Nramp1 susceptible) and DBA2 (Nramp1 resistant) mice intracerebrally infected with Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG)

In mice, the gene encoding Nramp1 (natural resistance-associated protein 1) exists in two allelic forms, differing for a point mutation. According to Nramp1 genotype, extensive literature documents a clear-cut distinction of inbred strains in two non-overlapping groups that phenotypically express resistance (Nramp1r) and susceptibility (Nramp1s) to systemic infections. Here, we provide evidence that Nramp1r (DBA/2) and Nramp1s (Balb/c) mice differently handle intracerebral infection with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Distinct trends of microbial clearance from the brain and also different patterns of local immune responses occur, thus arguing on the involvement of Nramp1 gene product on the accomplishment of cerebral anti-mycobacterial defenses.     

Genetic analysis of functions involved in the late stages of biofilm development in Burkholderia cepacia H111

Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa often co-exist as mixed biofilms in the lungs of patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF). Here, we report the isolation of 13 random mini-Tn5 insertion mutants of B. cepacia H111 that are defective in biofilm formation on a polystyrene surface. We show that the screening procedure used in this study is biased towards mutants defective in the late stages of biofilm development. A detailed quantitative analysis of the biofilm structures formed by wild-type and mutant strains revealed that the isolated mutants are impaired in their abilities to develop a typical three-dimensional biofilm structure. Molecular investigations showed that the genes required for biofilm maturation fall into several classes: (i). genes encoding for surface proteins; (ii). genes involved in the biogenesis and maintenance of an integral outer membrane; and (iii). genes encoding regulatory factors. It is shown that three of the regulatory mutants produce greatly reduced amounts of N-octanoylhomoserine lactone (C8-HSL). This compound serves as the major signal molecule of the cep quorum-sensing system. As this density-dependent regulatory system is involved in the regulation of biofilm maturation, we investigated the interplay between the three regulatory genes and the quorum-sensing cascade. The results of these investigations show that the identified genes encode for regulatory elements that are positioned upstream of the cep system, indicating that the quorum-sensing system of B. cepacia is a major checkpoint for biofilm formation.     

Lateral organization of GM1 in phase-separated monolayers visualized by scanning force microscopy

Phase separation of glycolipids in lipid mono- and bilayers is of great interest for the understanding of membrane function. The distribution of the ganglioside GM1 in sphingomyelin (SM)/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), SM/1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and SM/cholesterol/POPC Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayers transferred at 36 mN/m has been studied by scanning force microscopy. Besides lateral organization of the glycolipid in LB monolayers as deduced from topography, material properties have been investigated by phase imaging, pulsed force mode and force modulation microscopy. It was shown that GM1 preferentially clusters in an ordered lipid matrix, i.e. the SM phase in the case of the SM/POPC and SM/DOPC mixture or in the ordered phase of POPC/SM/cholesterol monolayers. At higher local concentrations, three-dimensional protrusions enriched in GM1 occur, which may represent a precursor for the formation of micelles budding into the aqueous subphase. Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer Link server located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00249-002-0232-4.     

Long-term suppression of pituitary-gonadal function with three-month depot of leuprorelin acetate in a girl with central precocious puberty

OBJECTIVE: The efficacy of a 3-month depot preparation of the GnRH agonist leuprorelin acetate in central precocious puberty was studied. METHODS: Treatment with a 3-month depot of leuprorelin acetate was performed subcutaneously in a 7.3-year-old girl with central precocious puberty. RESULTS: During treatment the hormonal suppression was constant and complete as demonstrated by suppressed GnRH stimulation tests and prepubertal estradiol plasma levels. The size and volume of the uterus and ovaries returned to the normal range. The rate of bone maturation was significantly reduced with a ratio deltaBA/deltaCA of 0.58 for 3 treatment years. Thus, the effects of treatment were comparable to those reported for treatment with 1-month depot of GnRH agonists. CONCLUSION: Three-month depots have the advantage of a prolonged injection interval which is more convenient for the patients and reduces costs by necessitating fewer visits to the physician and being approximately 10% cheaper than the 1-month depot. We suggest that comparative and randomized studies be performed to make 3-month depots of GnRH agonists available for routine use in children with central precocious puberty.     

The consequences of acute cold exposure on protein oxidation and proteasome activity in short-tailed field voles,microtus agrestis

During cold exposure, animals upregulate their metabolism and food intake, potentially exposing them to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative damage. We investigated whether acute cold (7 +/- 3 degrees C) exposure (1, 10, or 100 h duration) affected protein oxidation and proteasome activity, when compared to warm controls (22 +/- 3 degrees C), in a small mammal model, the short-tailed field vole Microtus agrestis. Protein carbonyls and the chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity were measured in plasma, heart, liver, kidney, small intestine (duodenum), skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius), and brown adipose tissue (BAT). Trypsin-like and peptidyl-glutamyl-like proteasome activities were determined in BAT, liver, and skeletal muscle. Resting metabolic rate increased significantly with duration of cold exposure. In skeletal muscle (SM) and liver, protein carbonyl levels also increased with duration of cold exposure, but this pattern was not repeated in BAT where protein carbonyls were not significantly elevated. Chymotrpsin-like proteasome activity did not differ significantly in any tissue. However, trypsin-like activity in SM and peptidyl-glutamyl-like activity in both skeletal muscle and liver, were reduced during the early phase of cold exposure (1-10 h), correlated with the increased carbonyl levels in these tissues. In contrast there was no reduction in proteasome activity in BAT during the early phase of cold exposure and peptidyl-glutamyl-like activity was significantly increased, correlated with the lack of accumulation of protein carbonyls in this tissue. The upregulation of proteasome activity in BAT may protect this tissue from accumulated oxidative damage to proteins. This protection may be a very important factor in sustaining uncoupled respiration, which underpins nonshivering thermogenesis at cold temperatures.     

Mechanism of nucleocapsid protein catalyzed structural isomerization of the dimerization initiation site of HIV-1

Dimerization of two homologous strands of genomic RNA is an essential feature of retroviral replication. In the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a conserved stem-loop sequence, the dimerization initiation site (DIS), has been identified as the domain primarily responsible for initiation of this aspect of viral assembly. The DIS loop contains an autocomplementary hexanucleotide sequence flanked by highly conserved 5' and 3' purines and can form a homodimer through a loop-loop kissing interaction. In a structural rearrangement activated by the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) and considered to be associated with viral particle maturation, the DIS dimer converts from an intermediate kissing to an extended duplex isoform. Using 2-aminopurine (2-AP) labeled sequences derived from the DIS(Mal) variant and fluorescence methods, the two DIS dimer isoforms have been unambiguously distinguished, allowing a detailed examination of the kinetics of this RNA structural isomerization and a characterization of the role of NCp7 in the reaction. In the presence of divalent cations, the DIS kissing dimer is found to be kinetically trapped and converts to the extended duplex isoform only upon addition of NCp7. NCp7 is demonstrated to act catalytically in inducing the structural isomerization by accelerating the rate of strand exchange between the two hairpin stem helices, without disruption of the loop-loop helix. Observation of an apparent maximum conversion rate for NCp7-activated DIS isomerization, however, requires protein concentrations in excess of the 2:1 stoichiometry estimated for high-affinity NCp7 binding to the DIS kissing dimer, indicating that transient interactions with additional NCp7(s) may be required for catalysis.     

Molecular and biochemical characterization of a highly stable bacterial laccase that occurs as a structural component of the Bacillus subtilis endospore coat

The Bacillus subtilis endospore coat protein CotA shows laccase activity. By using comparative modeling techniques, we were able to derive a model for CotA based on the known x-ray structures of zucchini ascorbate oxidase and Cuprinus cereneus laccase. This model of CotA contains all the structural features of a laccase, including the reactive surface-exposed copper center (T1) and two buried copper centers (T2 and T3). Single amino acid substitutions in the CotA T1 copper center (H497A, or M502L) did not prevent assembly of the mutant proteins into the coat and did not alter the pattern of extractable coat polypeptides. However, in contrast to a wild type strain, both mutants produced unpigmented colonies and spores unable to oxidize syringaldazine (SGZ) and 2'2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). The CotA protein was purified to homogeneity from an overproducing Escherichia coli strain. The purified CotA shows an absorbance and a EPR spectra typical of blue multicopper oxidases. Optimal enzymatic activity was found at < or =pH 3.0 and at pH 7.0 for ABTS or SGZ oxidation, respectively. The apparent K(m) values for ABTS and SGZ at 37 degrees C were of 106 +/- 11 and 26 +/- 2 microm, respectively, with corresponding k(cat) values of 16.8 +/- 0.8 and 3.7 +/- 0.1 s(-1). Maximal enzyme activity was observed at 75 degrees C with ABTS as substrate. Remarkably, the coat-associated or the purified enzyme showed a half-life of inactivation at 80 degrees C of about 4 and 2 h, respectively, indicating that CotA is intrinsically highly thermostable.     

Carbocysteine lysine salt monohydrate (SCMC-LYS) is a selective scavenger of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs)

Carbocysteine lysine salt monohydrate (SCMC-Lys) is a well-known mucoactive drug whose therapeutic efficacy is commonly related to the ability of SCMC-Lys to replace fucomucins by sialomucins. The aim of this study was to determine if SCMC-Lys could exert an anti-oxidant action by scavenging reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs). Our results show that SCMC-Lys proved effective as a selective scavenger of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hydroxyl radical (OH.), this effect being related to the reactivity of the SCMC tioether group. The scavenger activity of SCMC-Lys was observed in free cellular system as well as in activated human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). SCMC-Lys scavenger activity on HOCl was paralleled by a powerful protection from HOCl-mediated inactivation of alpha1-antitripsin (alpha1-AT) inhibitor, the main serum protease inhibitor. Production of interleukin-(IL-)8, a major mediator of PMN recruitment in inflammatory diseases, is known to be mediated by intracellular OH. SCMC-Lys significantly reduced IL-8 production on stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the same range of concentrations affecting OH. activity. It is concluded that SCMC-Lys could exert, in addition to its mucoactive capacity, an anti-oxidant action, thus contributing to the therapeutic efficacy of SCMC-Lys.