The genome and surface proteome of Capnocytophaga canimorsus reveal a key role of glycan foraging systems in host glycoproteins deglycosylation

Capnocytophaga canimorsus are commensal Gram-negative bacteria from dog's mouth that cause rare but dramatic septicaemia in humans. C. canimorsus have the unusual property to feed on cultured mammalian cells, including phagocytes, by harvesting the glycan moiety of cellular glycoproteins. To understand the mechanism behind this unusual property, the genome of strain Cc5 was sequenced and analysed. In addition, Cc5 bacteria were cultivated onto HEK 293 cells and the surface proteome was determined. The genome was found to encode many lipoproteins encoded within 13 polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) typical of the Flavobacteria-Bacteroides group. PULs encode surface exposed feeding complexes resembling the archetypal starch utilization system (Sus). The products of at least nine PULs were detected among the surface proteome and eight of them represented more than half of the total peptides detected from the surface proteome. Systematic deletions of the 13 PULs revealed that half of these Sus-like complexes contributed to growth on animal cells. The complex encoded by PUL5, one of the most abundant ones, was involved in foraging glycans from glycoproteins. It was essential for growth on cells and contributed to survival in mice. It thus represents a fitness factor during infection.     

A Bnr-like formin links actin to the spindle pole body during sporulation in the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii

Formin proteins are nucleators of actin filaments and regulators of the microtubule cytoskeleton. As such, they play important roles in the development of yeast and other fungi. We show here that AgBnr2, a homologue of the ScBnr1 formin from the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii, localizes to the spindle pole body (SPB), the fungal analogue of the centrosome of metazoans. This protein plays an important role in the development of the typical needle-shaped spores of A. gossypii, as suggested by several findings. First, downregulation of AgBNR2 causes defects in sporangium formation and a decrease in the total spore number. Second, a fusion of AgBNR2 to GFP that is driven by the native AgBNR2 promoter is only visible in sporangia. Third, AgBnr2 interacts with a AgSpo21, a sporulation-specific component of the SPB. Furthermore, we provide evidence that AgBnr2 might nucleate actin cables, which are connected to SPBs during sporulation. Our findings add to our understanding of fungal sporulation, particularly the formation of spores with a complex, elongated morphology, and provide novel insights into formin function.     

Transfer on hydrophobic substrates and AFM imaging of membrane proteins reconstituted in planar lipid bilayers

The lipid-layer technique allows reconstituting transmembrane proteins at a high density in microns size planar membranes and suspended to a lipid monolayer at the air/water interface. In this paper, we transferred these membranes onto two hydrophobic substrates for further structural analysis of reconstituted proteins by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). We used a mica sheet covered by a lipid monolayer or a sheet of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) to trap the lipid monolayer at the interface and the suspended membranes. In both cases, we succeeded in the transfer of large membrane patches containing densely packed or 2D-crystallized proteins. As a proof of concept, we transferred and imaged the soluble Shiga toxin bound to its lipid ligand and the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter BmrA reconstituted into a planar bilayer. AFM imaging with a lateral resolution in the nanometer range was achieved. Potential applications of this technique in structural biology and nanobiotechnology are discussed.     

Antibody-neutralizing activity against all urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis serovars in Chlamydia suis-infected pigs

It is known that neutralizing species-specific or serovar-specific antibodies are produced in response to chlamydial infection in humans and in some animal species. In a previous study, a strong in vitro neutralizing activity to Chlamydia suis in 80% of sera from C. suis-infected pigs had been observed. In view of the close relationship between C. suis and Chlamydia trachomatis, in the present study, the neutralizing activity against D-K C. trachomatis and C. suis purified elementary bodies (EBs) in sera collected from C. trachomatis-infected patients and C. suis-infected pigs was evaluated. A neutralizing activity of 50-70% was observed in the human sera against the homologous serovar and one to five heterologous C. trachomatis serovars. These sera were also able to neutralize C. suis EBs. The pig sera showed a strong neutralizing activity (70-100%) against C. suis EBs and all eight urogenital C. trachomatis serovars. These results suggested the presence of common immunogenic antigens in C. trachomatis and C. suis. Immunoblot analysis, performed to elucidate the target of this neutralizing activity, showed a clear reactivity in human and pig sera against two proteins of 150 and 40 kDa MW, when tested either with C. trachomatis or with C. suis EBs.     

Total extract of Beta vulgaris var. cicla seeds versus its purified phenolic components: antioxidant activities and antiproliferative effects against colon cancer cells

Introduction – Beta vulgaris var. cicla (BV) leaves contain chemopreventive compounds that have been investigated for new drug discovery. These compounds belong to the family of the apigenin‐glycosides. Since the leaves are seasonal products containing high percentages of water, they are easily degradable during storage in fresh conditions. To be stored they require a drying process, consuming time and a large amount of energy. The extraction of apigenin‐glycosides may also be conveniently performed from BV seeds, which represent a stable and year‐long available biomass. Objectives – The present report was undertaken to find a strategy of purification of bioactive flavonoids from BV seeds and test their ability to inhibit proliferation both on human colon cancer (RKO) cells and normal human fibroblasts (HF). Materials and methods – The ethyl‐acetate extract of BV seeds was fractionated on a Sephadex LH 20 column. A fraction of this extract, labeled as P4, exploited a marked antiproliferative activity on RKO cells. The components of P4 were purified on an RP₁₈ column chromatography and identified by HPLC‐ESI‐MS as 2,4,5‐trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,5‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillic acid, xylosylvitexin, glucopyranosyl‐glucopyrasyl‐rhamnetin and glucopyranosyl‐xylosyl‐rhamnetin. All of them were tested for cytostatic and cytotoxic activity on RKO and HF cells. Results – Xylosylvitexin exhibited the strongest antiproliferative activity on RKO cells, together with an enhancement of the apoptosis, an increase of cells in the G₁ phase and a reduction of cells in the S phase; on the contrary, the proliferation of HF was significantly stimulated. Conclusion – Xylosylvitexin is the main and more efficient chemopreventive compound in BV seeds, but the natural cocktail of molecules, represented by P4 fraction, showed a better compromise between the antiproliferative activity on RKO cells and the enhancement of HF proliferation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Solanaceae XIPs are plasma membrane aquaporins that facilitate the transport of many uncharged substrates

Major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) transport water and uncharged solutes across membranes in all kingdoms of life. Recently, an uncharacterized MIP subfamily was identified in the genomes of plants and fungi and named X Intrinsic Proteins (XIPs). Here, we describe the genetic features, localization, expression, and functions of a group of Solanaceae XIPs. XIP cDNA and gDNA were cloned from tobacco, potato, tomato, and morning glory. A conserved sequence motif in the first intron of Solanaceae XIPs initiates an RNA-processing mechanism that results in two splice variants (α and β). When transiently or stably expressed in tobacco plants, yellow fluorescent protein-tagged NtXIP1;1α and NtXIP1;1β were both localized in the plasma membrane. Transgenic tobacco lines expressing NtXIP1;1-promoter-GUS constructs and RT-PCR studies showed that NtXIP1;1 was expressed in all organs. The NtXIP1;1 promoter was mainly active in cell layers facing the environment in all above-ground tissues. Heterologous expression of Solanaceae XIPs in Xenopus laevis oocytes and various Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants demonstrated that these isoforms facilitate the transport of bulky solutes, such as glycerol, urea, and boric acid. In contrast, permeability for water was undetectable. These data suggest that XIPs function in the transport of uncharged solutes across the cell plasma membrane in specific plant tissues, including at the interface between the environment and external cell layers.     

Comparative assessment of estrogenic responses with relevance to the metabolic syndrome and to menopausal symptoms in wild-type and aromatase-knockout mice

Knockout of the Cyp-19 gene (aromatase) renders mice to have insufficient endogenous estrogen production and contributes to the development of symptoms related the metabolic syndrome, including excess adiposity and insulin resistance. This study comparatively assessed the estrogen responsiveness in animal models of genetical versus surgical (ovariectomy) origin of estrogen deficiency. Evaluation of physiological parameters and gene expression pattern in response to estrogens revealed differences in estrogen responsiveness between aromatase deficient and castrated or intact wild-type mice. ArKO mice had a significantly higher bodyweight than matched ovariectomized wild-type mice. The weight of the completely regressed uterus following ovariectomy was higher than the uterine weight of ArKO mice. Further, alterations in metabolic parameters like increased serum leptin levels and decreased plasma glucose levels in genetically deficient mice became apparent. Finally, expression pattern of estrogen responsive genes differed in the two experimental models of estrogen deficiency. Both, in uterine and adipose tissues the regulation of expression of some genes either was inversed of regulation or considerably differed in the magnitude of the response in the two models. Our studies demonstrate that the cause of estrogen deficiency significantly impacts on estrogen responsiveness and may be of relevance for investigations on aspects of estrogen deficiency and metabolic and/or menopausal symptoms.     

Oramoeba fumarolia gen. nov., sp. nov., a new marine heterolobosean amoeboflagellate growing at 54 °C

An amoeba strain was isolated from marine sediment taken from the beach near a fumarole in Italy. The trophozoites of this new marine species transforms into flagellates with variable numbers of flagella, from 2 to 10. The strain forms round to oval cysts. This thermophilic amoeboflagellate grows at temperatures up to 54 °C. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) places the amoeboflagellate in the Heterolobosea. The closest relatives are Stachyamoeba sp. ATCC50324, a strain isolated from an ocean sample, and Vrihiamoeba italica, a recent isolate from a rice field. Like some other heterolobosean species, this new isolate has a group I intron in the SSU rDNA. Because of the unique place in the molecular phylogenetic tree, and because there is no species found in the literature with similar morphological and physiological characteristics, this isolate is considered to be a new genus and a new species, Oramoeba fumarolia gen. nov., sp. nov.     

Older poor-sleeping women display a smaller evening increase in melatonin secretion and lower values of melatonin and core body temperature than good sleepers

Melatonin concentration and core body temperature (CBT) follow endogenous circadian biological rhythms. In the evening, melatonin level increases and CBT decreases. These changes are involved in the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. Therefore, the authors hypothesized that age-related changes in these rhythms affect sleep quality in older people. In a cross-sectional study design, 11 older poor-sleeping women (aged 62-72 yrs) and 9 older good-sleeping women (60-82 yrs) were compared with 10 younger good-sleeping women (23-28 yrs). The older groups were matched by age and body mass index. Sleep quality was assessed by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire. As an indicator of CBT, oral temperature was measured at 1-h intervals from 17:00 to 24:00?h. At the same time points, saliva samples were collected for determining melatonin levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The dim light melatonin onset (DLMO), characterizing the onset of melatonin production, was calculated. Evening changes in melatonin and CBT levels were tested by the Friedman test. Group comparisons were performed with independent samples tests. Predictors of sleep-onset latency (SOL) were assessed by regression analysis. Results show that the mean CBT decreased in the evening from 17:00 to 24:00?h in both young women (from 36.57°C to 36.25°C, p < .001) and older women (from 36.58°C to 35.88°C, p < .001), being lowest in the older poor sleepers (p < .05). During the same time period, mean melatonin levels increased in young women (from 16.2 to 54.1 pg/mL, p < .001) and older women (from 10.0 to 23.5 pg/mL, p < .001), being lowest among the older poor sleepers (from 20:00 to 24:00?h, p < .05 vs. young women). Older poor sleepers also showed a smaller increase in melatonin level from 17:00 to 24:00?h than older good sleepers (mean?±?SD: 7.0?±?9.63 pg/mL vs. 15.6?±?24.1 pg/mL, p = .013). Accordingly, the DLMO occurred at similar times in young (20:10?h) and older (19:57?h) good-sleeping women, but was delayed ～50?min in older poor-sleeping women (20:47?h). Older poor sleepers showed a shorter phase angle between DLMO and sleep onset, but a longer phase angle between CBT peak and sleep onset than young good sleepers, whereas older good sleepers had intermediate phase angles (insignificant). Regression analysis showed that the DLMO was a significant predictor of SOL in the older women (R(2)?=?0.64, p < .001), but not in the younger women. This indicates that melatonin production started later in those older women who needed more time to fall asleep. In conclusion, changes in melatonin level and CBT were intact in older poor sleepers in that evening melatonin increased and CBT decreased. However, poor sleepers showed a weaker evening increase in melatonin level, and their DLMO was delayed compared with good sleepers, suggesting that it is not primarily the absolute level of endogenous melatonin, but rather the timing of the circadian rhythm in evening melatonin secretion that might be related to disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle in older people.     

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ agonism protects the kidney against ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats

Diabetes is an important risk factor for ischemic acute kidney injury, whose pharmacological treatment remains an unmet medical need. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ is highly expressed in the kidney, although its role has not yet been elucidated. Here, we used an in vivo model of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (i) to evaluate whether diabetes increases kidney susceptibility to I/R injury and (ii) to investigate the effects of PPARβ/δ activation. The degree of renal injury (1h ischemia/6h reperfusion) was significantly increased in diabetic rats compared with nondiabetic littermates. PPARβ/δ expression was increased after I/R, with the highest levels in diabetic rats. Administration of the selective PPARβ/δ agonist GW0742 attenuated the renal dysfunction, leukocyte infiltration, and formation of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. These effects were accompanied by an increased expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3, which plays a critical role in the cytokine-activated signaling pathway. The beneficial effects of GW0742 were attenuated by the selective PPARβ/δ antagonist GSK0660. Thus, we report herein that PPARβ/δ activation protects the diabetic kidney against I/R injury by a mechanism that may involve changes in renal expression of SOCS-3 resulting in a reduced local inflammatory response.