砷对玉米生长、抗氧化系统及离子分布的影响

采用温室砂培试验,研究了不同浓度砷（As）处理对玉米郑单958幼苗生物量积累、光合色素含量、抗氧化系统、As及矿质离子吸收、分布的影响.结果表明：低浓度（＜2 mg·L^-1）的As刺激了玉米幼苗的生长,植株株高、主根长和生物量积累均显著增加;高浓度（＞4 mg·L^-1）As严重抑制了玉米幼苗生长.2 mg·L^-1As处理下,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a+b含量均达到峰值;随As处理浓度增加,叶绿素含量逐渐下降;电镜观察发现,10 mg·L^-1 As处理下,叶片叶绿体结构遭到破坏,类囊体膜溶解.根系3种抗氧化酶（SOD、POD、CAT）活性均随As浓度增加而增大;叶片3种抗氧化酶活性在8 mg·L^-1出现峰值,且对As处理的敏感性表现为POD>CAT>SOD.MDA、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量与As浓度呈正相关.高浓度的As明显抑制了P、K、Ca、Fe等元素的吸收.根系对As胁迫的反应比地上部更为敏感,因此根系生长发育指标更适合作为植物As毒害的指示指标.     

科尔沁沙地不同密度小叶锦鸡儿灌丛水量平衡研究

根据沙地水分平衡理论推算了不同栽植密度下小叶锦鸡儿灌丛的蒸散量.结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿灌丛生长期土壤水分含量随着植被密度增加而降低,0.5 m×1 m、1 m×2 m密度植被区平均土壤含水量低于凋萎湿度(1.55%),2 m×2 m密度植被和天然小叶锦鸡儿植被平均土壤含水量保持在1.60%以上,能够满足植被生存和生长的水分需求.蒸散量随着植被密度增加而增大,以0.5 m×1 m密度灌丛区最高,为297.81 mm,占同期降水量的97.90%;2 m×2 m密度灌丛区最低,为279.71 mm,生长期末期土壤水分节余为24.49 mm.依据生长期土壤水分状况和水分平衡要求,科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿灌丛适宜密度应为2 m×2 m.     

西藏乃东县发现豆雁

正2016年1月6日,在西藏自治区乃东县泽当镇羌哉村(29°16′29.634″N,95°49′44.202″E,海拔3 557 m)观察到2只雁,该雁全身以灰褐色为主,尾下覆羽为白色,脚为橙黄色,喙黑色、喙端有黄斑,嘴甲和鼻孔间有白色斑点,两胁具灰褐色黄斑。经鉴定为豆雁(Anser fabalis)(约翰·马敬能等2000,Mark 2009,曲利明2014)。查阅相关文献(中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队1983,赵正阶2001,郑光美2011,刘迺发等2013),确认     

Positive selection driving the evolution of a gene of male reproduction, Acp26Aa, of Drosophila: II. Divergence versus polymorphism

The evolution of the gene for a male ejaculatory protein, Acp26Aa, has been shown to be driven by positive selection when nonsibling species in the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup are compared. To know if selection has been operating in the recent past and to understand the details of its dynamics, we obtained DNA sequences of Acp26Aa and the nearby Acp26Ab gene from 39 D. melanogaster chromosomes. Together with the 10 published sequences, we analyzed 49 sequences from five populations in four continents. The southern African population is somewhat differentiated from all other populations, but its nucleotide diversity is lower at these two loci. We find the following results for Acp26Aa: (1) The R: S (replacement : silent changes) ratio is significantly higher in the between-species comparisons than in the within-species data by the McDonald and Kreitman test. Positive selection is probably responsible for the excess of amino acid replacements between species. (2) However, within-species nucleotide diversity is high. Neither the Tajima test nor the Fu and Li test indicates a reduction in nucleotide diversity due to positive selection in the recent past. (3) The newly derived nucleotides in D. melanogaster are at high frequency significantly more often than predicted by the neutral equilibrium. Since the nearby Acp26Ab gene does not show these patterns, these observations cannot be attributed to the characteristics of this chromosomal region. We suggest that positive selection is active, but may be weak, for each amino acid change in the Acp26Aa gene.      

包含BTB锌指结构的新基因Bsg2结构特性及其在发育阶段的组织表达特异性

通过消减差异筛选法寻找小鼠胚胎发育过程中在脑中特异表达的基因 .克隆得到的脑特异表达新基因 2 (brainspecificgene 2 ,简称Bsg2 )长 36 91bp ,通过生物信息学方法预测其编码一个含713个氨基酸的锌指蛋白 .此蛋白N端有一个BTB(BR C ,ttkandbab)结构域 ,C端有 9个连续的C2H2锌指结构 .该基因定位在小鼠 12号染色体上 ,包含 1个内含子和 2个外显子 .应用生物信息学和RT PCR方法分别检验该基因在小鼠各组织中的表达 .结果表明 ,Bsg2基因在小鼠胚胎及成体的各组织中普遍表达 ,在脾、肾、睾丸、肠、子宫和脑的表达水平较强 .利用整体 (wholemount)原位杂交研究其时空表达模式 .结果显示 ,Bsg2在早期的小鼠胚胎和不同时期鸡胚的头部均特异表达 ,在11d鼠胚的肢芽里也有较强的表达 .Bsg2基因的结构和表达特征预示它编码 1个具有DNA结合功能的转录调控因子 ,同时揭示它在脑的发育和器官形成过程中发挥着重要作用     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔沙地不同樟子松林竞争强度的比较

利用全林木定位和单木竞争指数模型, 以受到林火干扰的樟子松林为例,分析了呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松林的竞争强度.结果表明：同一样地中,死亡林木的竞争强度均比较接近;活立木、全部林木中,伴生树种的竞争强度是樟子松的2～3倍;樟子松的竞争压力主要来自于种内,伴生树种的竞争则主要来自于种间.林火干扰与无林火（对照）样地间的比较表明,林火干扰样地樟子松活立木的竞争强度均显著小于对照样地;活立木竞争强度与其胸径间均服从幂函数关系(CI=AD^-B).地表火干扰可显著降低林木个体间的竞争强度,有利于存活林木个体的生长发育和大径阶林木的培育.     

Demographic history of the Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsoni (chiru)

Abstract The Tibetan antelope (chiru, Pantholops hodgsoni), a heavily poached species and symbol of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP), is noted worldwide for its special calving migration. This species originated in the early Quaternary and it is interesting to know how the following climatic oscillations affected its demographic dynamics in the climate‐sensitive QTP. In this study, we analyzed the mitochondrial D‐loop region from 312 individuals sampled in all of the six major populations. We found high rates of gene flow and little genetic differentiation between populations, suggesting that the calving migration may have homogenized the genetic pool of this species. Both mismatch distribution analyses and coalescent simulations suggested that this species experienced a demographic expansion approximately 600–200 Kyr following the retreat of the large glaciers developed in the QTP at 800–600 Kyr, rather than at the end of the last glacial age, as previously suggested, based on a limited sample size. In addition, we found evidence of a chiru population decrease probably related to the human settings at the QTP during the middle Holocene.     

Monoamine oxidase inhibition by C4-substituted phthalonitriles

It was recently reported that a series of C5-substituted phthalimides are remarkably potent reversible inhibitors of recombinant human monoamine oxidase (MAO) B. Modeling studies suggested that the phthalimide ring forms numerous polar interactions with the polar region of the MAO-B substrate cavity while the C5 side chain extends to, and interacts via Van der Waals interactions with the hydrophobic regions of the enzyme entrance cavity. Interactions with both cavities appear to be requirements for high affinity binding. In the present study we have examined an analogs series of C4-substituted phthalonitriles as potential human MAO inhibitors. The phthalonitriles were found to be highly potent reversible MAO-B inhibitors with most analogs exhibiting IC(50) values in the low nM range. The phthalonitriles also interacted with human MAO-A, although with lower binding affinities compared to MAO-B. Modeling studies suggest that the high binding affinities of the phthalonitriles to MAO-B may depend, at least in part, on the formation of polar interactions between the nitrile functional groups and the enzyme substrate cavity. Examination of a homologs series of benzonitriles established that the phthalonitrile moiety is more optimal for MAO-B inhibition than the corresponding benzonitrile moiety, and that C3-substituted benzonitriles are better MAO-B inhibitors than C4-substituted benzonitriles. Since elimination of the nitrile functional group yielded compounds with only moderate MAO-B inhibition potencies, it may be concluded that this functional group is privileged for MAO-B inhibition.