Polarized diffuse reflectance measurements on cancerous and noncancerous tissues

We report the measurement of polarization parameters (linear retardance, diattenuation and depolarization) of normal and malignant tissue from human oral cavity and breast over the spectral range 390 nm to 550 nm. These parameters were determined using the 3 × 3 Mueller matrix, the elements of which could be determined using linear polarization measurements only. The significant differences observed in the polarization parameters of the normal and malignant tissues appear to arise because of the changes in the collagen matrix in the two tissue types. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Morphology and electrostatics play active role in neuronal differentiation processes on flexible conducting substrates

This commentary discusses and summarizes the key highlights of our recently reported work entitled “Neuronal Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Neuronal Progenitors Can Be Regulated by Stretchable Conducting Polymers.” The prospect of controlling the mechanical-rigidity and the surface conductance properties offers a unique combination for tailoring the growth and differentiation of neuronal cells. We emphasize the utility of transparent elastomeric substrates with coatings of electrically conducting polymer to realize the desired substrate-characteristics for cellular development processes. Our study showed that neuronal differentiation from ES cells is highly influenced by the specific substrates on which they are growing. Thus, our results provide a better strategy for regulated neuronal differentiation by using such functional conducting surfaces.     

Palaeobiogeographic significance of the Deccan infra‐ and intertrappean biota from peninsular India

Extensive work done in the last decade on the sedimentary beds intercalated with the Deccan volcanic flows (infra‐ and intertrappean) has demonstrated the vast potential of these rocks for vertebrate, invertebrate and plant fossils. The infra‐ and intertrappean beds, especially those exposed on the eastern margin of the Deccan Traps, produced a large number of fossils which made it possible to establish the age and duration of Deccan volcanism (late Cretaceous—early Palaeocene) with some degree of confidence. Affinities of the late Cretaceous infratrappean vertebrates, such as pelomedusid turtles and sauropod dinosaurs, lie with those of Gondwanan landmasses. It seems more likely that these taxa are relicts of the Gondwanan stock that boarded the Indian plate well before its separation from Madagascar 70–80 Ma ago. Remnants of the former Gondwanaland fauna, such as pelomedusid turtles, leptodactylid frogs and titanosaurid dinosaurs did persist in relatively younger (latest Cretaceous) intertrappean beds. In addition to these Gondwanan elements, the intertrappean beds register many North American, European and Central Asiatic taxa (pelobatid and discoglossid frogs, anguid lizards, alligatorid crocodiles, palaeoryctid mammals, ostracodes and charophytes) suggesting that a contact between India and southern Asia was already established by the end of Cretaceous. An early India/Asia collision, long before the widely accepted early to middle Eocene date, is favoured to explain the presence of Laurasian elements in the late Cretaceous of India.     

Ischemia reperfusion dysfunction changes model-estimated kinetics of myofilament interaction due to inotropic drugs in isolated hearts

Background  

The phase-space relationship between simultaneously measured myoplasmic [Ca²⁺] and isovolumetric left ventricular pressure (LVP) in guinea pig intact hearts is altered by ischemic and inotropic interventions. Our objective was to mathematically model this phase-space relationship between [Ca²⁺] and LVP with a focus on the changes in cross-bridge kinetics and myofilament Ca²⁺ sensitivity responsible for alterations in Ca²⁺-contraction coupling due to inotropic drugs in the presence and absence of ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury.