Cycloamylose-accelerated cleavage of acylimidazoles

Hydrolyses of N-trans-cinnamoylimidazole (1) and N-acetylimidazole (2) were accelerated by cyclohexaamylose (α-CA) and cycloheptaamylose (β-CA) at 25°C. The cleavage of the amide bond in 1 at pH 9.0 was accelerated by α-CA and β-CA by 28- and 38-fold, respectively, whereas the cleavage of the amide bond in 2 at pH 7.0 was accelerated by α-CA and β-CA by 50- and 28-fold, respectively. The β-CA-accelerated hydrolysis of 1 proceeded via binding, acylation of β-CA, and deacylation of β-CA trans-cinnamate, which is consistent with the pathway used by serine proteases. The deuterium oxide solvent isotope effects for acylation and deacylation steps indicate nucleophilic attack in acylation and general basic attack in deacylation. The present finding of the acceleration by cycloamyloses in the cleavages of amide bonds in 1 and 2 indicates that cycloamyloses are an excellent model for hydrolytic enzymes.     

Radioimmunoassay for β-endorphin: Presence of immunoreactive “big-big” β-endorphin (“big” β-lipotropin) in human and rat pituitaries

A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for β-endorphin has been developed with an antiserum obtained in a rabbit immunized with β-endorphin contained in crude porcineACTH preparations. The minimal detectable quantity was 5 pg. The antiserum used reacted slightly with ovine β-lipotropin (5.5 %), but showed negligible cross-reactivity with other fragments of β-lipotropin, α-MSH and ACTH. Using this radioimmunoassay we have observed the presence of “big-big” β-endorphin (“big” β-lipotropin) with apparent molecular weights of 37,000 and 31,000 in human and rat pituitaries respectively, in addition to β-lipotropin and β-endorphin, by Sephadex gel-chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.     

Abscisic acid from Pinus densiflora pollen

(+)-Abscisic acid was isolated as the methyl ester from Pinus densiflora pollen and identified spectroscopically.     

Novel p-coumaric acid esters from Pinus densiflora pollen

Solvent-extractable lipids in Pinus densiflora pollen were investigated. The cis- and trans-isomers of 1,16-dioxo-, 1-hydroxy-16-oxo- and 1, 16-dihydroxyhexadecan-7-yl p-coumarates were identified.     

Resolution of anomeric 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glycofuranosides and -glycopyranosides by cation-exchange chromatography

Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-α-D-ribo-hexopyranoside (1) is converted into methyl 3,4-di-O-benzoyl-6-bromo-2,6-dideoxy-α-D-ribo-hexopyranoside (3) via the 3-O-benzoyl derivative (2) of 1 by subsequent treatment with N-bromosuccinimide. Compound 3 is the key intermediate in high-yielding, preparative syntheses of the title dideoxy sugars, which are constituents of many antibiotics. Dehydrohalogenation of 3 affords the 5,6-unsaturated glycoside 7. which undergoes stereospecific reduction by hydrogen with net inversion at C-5 to give methyl 3,4-di-O-benzoyl-2,6-dideoxy-β-L-lyxo-hexopyranoside (8), whereas reductive dehalogenation of 3 provides the corresponding D-ribo derivative 4. The unprotected glycosides 9 (L-lyxo) and 5 (D-ribo) are readily obtained by catalytic transesterification, and mild, acid hydrolysis gives the crystalline title sugars 10 (L-lyxo) and 6 (D-ribo) in 45 and 57% overall yield from 1 without the necessity of chromatographic purification at any of the steps.     

Synthesis of phospholipids. III. Synthesis of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glyceryl-3-phosphoryl-3′β-cholesterol and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glyceryl-3-phosphoryl-20′-(3β-hydroxy norpregn-5-ene)

The chemical synthesis of two new glycerophosphatide analogues containing steroid groups, i.e., 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glyceryl-3-phosphoryl-3′β-cholesterol and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-rac-glyceryl-3-phosphoryl-20′-(3β-hydroxy norpregn-5-ene) is described.     

The role of virulence antigens (VW) in the protection of mice againstYersinia pestis infection

Subcutaneous infection withYersinia enterocolitica harboring plasmid responsible for Ca²⁺ dependence at 37°C induced cell-mediated protective immunity against a lethal challenge withYersinia pestis; the isogenic derivative strain cured from this plasmid subverted the immunity in mice. This is the first identification of the antigen(s) responsible for the induction of cell-mediated protective immunity against the facultatively intracellular bacteria.     

The anti-inflammatory mechanism of MK-447 in rat carrageenin-induced pleurisy

Intrapleural injection of 2% λ-carrageenin caused the accumulation of exudate up to 19 hr. The rate of plasma exudation, measured by the exuded dye amounts for 20 min in the pleural cavity after intravenous injection of pontamine sky blue, showed a peak at 5 hr. Aspirin (100 mg/kg, i. p.) suppressed the dye exudation up to 5 hr, but did not at 7 hr. This inhibition coincided with the decrease of the PG and TXB₂ levels, which were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, in the pleural exudate. In _vitro experiments, MK-447, a phenolic compound, stimulates PG endoperoxide biosynthesis at lower doses and inhibits it at higher doses, acting as a tryptophan-like cofactor required by PG endoperoxide synthetase. This drug (0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg, i. p.) suppressed the dye exudation dose-dependently up to 5 hr, but did not at 7 hr even at a higher dose, in combination with the dose-dependent decrease of the pleural level of PGE₂, which was reported to be a major PG among PGs and TXB₂ in the exudate in inducing the plasma exudation (Harada ; Prostaglandins, : 881, 1982). Thus, the anti-inflammatory action of MK-447 can be explained by inhibition of PGE₂ generation, giving no consideration to the role of oxygen-derived free radicals as a prime mediator in inflammation.     

Tryptophan hydroxylase system in brain tissue slices assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography

A new method was developed to study the unsupplemented tryptophan hydroxylase system in brain tissue slices from the raphe nuclei of the rat by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Tryptophan hydroxylase activity was measured by determining 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) accumulation in raphe nuclei slices containing all of the enzyme system (the hydroxylase, tetrahydrobiopterin, and dihydropteridine reductase) in the presence of NSD-1055 (an inhibitor of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase). An optimum temperature was observed at 25°C and the reaction progressed linearly for 60 min. The hydroxylation of tryptophan was maximal by the addition of 0.2 mM tryptophan in the medium. A maximum 1.5-fold activation was shown at 0.2 mM 6-methyltetrahydropterin in the presence of 10 mM dithiothreitol. Dithiothreitol alone did not affect the activity. A 1.5-fold activation was observed when incubation was carried out under gas phase of 95% oxygen and 5% CO₂ instead of air. The activity was inhibited by 75% at 10^?4 M p-chlorophenylalanine. Both A-23187, a calcium ionophore, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBc-AMP) stimulated the hydroxylation of tryptophan. The activation by A-23187 plus DBc-AMP was more than additive, suggesting the two activating mechanisms by Ca²⁺ and cyclic AMP may be operating synergistically.     

Serotonin in neuroblastoma × glioma NG108-15 hybrid cells

Mouse neuroblastoma × rat glioma NG108-15 hybrid cells contain a considerable amount of serotonin, and possess small but significant tryptophan hydroxylase activity. The results suggest that NG108-15 hybrid cells are serotonergic, in addition to the known cholinergic property.