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31.
Recombinant PCR has been used to generate linear fragments for promoter replacement by transformation in Aspergillus nidulans. A cassette vector carrying the pyr-4 non-homologous selectable marker and conditional promoter Pr-alcA was constructed for use as a template for PCR, and is suitable for testing the function of essential genes. Two genes involved in polar growth, cotA and bemA, were used to assess the system. Efficient targeting was possible with both genes using approximately 500bp of flanking homologous sequence. Depending on yield, the linear PCR product could be used directly for transformation, or after first cloning into a suitable vector. bemA, a putative homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae BEM1 gene was identified through sequence comparison. In A. nidulans, this protein appears to have a similar role to the yeast Bem1p, which acts as a scaffold protein involved in the establishment of cell polarity. 相似文献
32.
Nasr-Esfahani M Moghadam M Tangestaninejad S Mirkhani V 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2005,15(13):3276-3278
Efficient oxidation of Hantzsch 1,4-dihydropyridines to their corresponding pyridine derivatives with (Bu(4)N)IO(4) catalyzed by tetraphenylporphyrinatomanganese(III) chloride [Mn(TPP)Cl] is reported. This catalytic system shows high efficiency in the oxidation of 1,4-dihydropyridines at room temperature in the presence of imidazole. 相似文献
33.
Metazoan Scc4 homologs link sister chromatid cohesion to cell and axon migration guidance 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
Seitan VC Banks P Laval S Majid NA Dorsett D Rana A Smith J Bateman A Krpic S Hostert A Rollins RA Erdjument-Bromage H Tempst P Benard CY Hekimi S Newbury SF Strachan T 《PLoS biology》2006,4(8):e242
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Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a globally distributed parasitic infection of humans and livestock. The disease is of significant medical and economic importance in many developing countries, including Iran. However, the socioeconomic impact of the disease, in most endemic countries, is not fully understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the monetary burden of CE in Iran. Epidemiological data, including prevalence and incidence of CE in humans and animals, were obtained from regional hospitals, the scientific literature, and official government reports. Economic data relating to human and animal disease, including cost of treatment, productivity losses, and livestock production losses were obtained from official national and international datasets. Monte Carlo simulation methods were used to represent uncertainty in input parameters. Mean number of surgical CE cases per year for 2000–2009 was estimated at 1,295. The number of asymptomatic individuals living in the country was estimated at 635,232 (95% Credible Interval, CI 149,466–1,120,998). The overall annual cost of CE in Iran was estimated at US$232.3 million (95% CI US$103.1–397.8 million), including both direct and indirect costs. The cost associated with human CE was estimated at US$93.39 million (95% CI US$6.1–222.7 million) and the annual cost associated with CE in livestock was estimated at US$132 million (95% CI US$61.8–246.5 million). The cost per surgical human case was estimated at US$1,539. CE has a considerable economic impact on Iran, with the cost of the disease approximated at 0.03% of the country''s gross domestic product. Establishment of a CE surveillance system and implementation of a control program are necessary to reduce the economic burden of CE on the country. Cost-benefit analysis of different control programs is recommended, incorporating present knowledge of the economic losses due to CE in Iran. 相似文献
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Nayu Ikeda Manami Inoue Hiroyasu Iso Shunya Ikeda Toshihiko Satoh Mitsuhiko Noda Tetsuya Mizoue Hironori Imano Eiko Saito Kota Katanoda Tomotaka Sobue Shoichiro Tsugane Mohsen Naghavi Majid Ezzati Kenji Shibuya 《PLoS medicine》2012,9(1)
Background
The population of Japan has achieved the longest life expectancy in the world. To further improve population health, consistent and comparative evidence on mortality attributable to preventable risk factors is necessary for setting priorities for health policies and programs. Although several past studies have quantified the impact of individual risk factors in Japan, to our knowledge no study has assessed and compared the effects of multiple modifiable risk factors for non-communicable diseases and injuries using a standard framework. We estimated the effects of 16 risk factors on cause-specific deaths and life expectancy in Japan.Methods and Findings
We obtained data on risk factor exposures from the National Health and Nutrition Survey and epidemiological studies, data on the number of cause-specific deaths from vital records adjusted for ill-defined codes, and data on relative risks from epidemiological studies and meta-analyses. We applied a comparative risk assessment framework to estimate effects of excess risks on deaths and life expectancy at age 40 y. In 2007, tobacco smoking and high blood pressure accounted for 129,000 deaths (95% CI: 115,000–154,000) and 104,000 deaths (95% CI: 86,000–119,000), respectively, followed by physical inactivity (52,000 deaths, 95% CI: 47,000–58,000), high blood glucose (34,000 deaths, 95% CI: 26,000–43,000), high dietary salt intake (34,000 deaths, 95% CI: 27,000–39,000), and alcohol use (31,000 deaths, 95% CI: 28,000–35,000). In recent decades, cancer mortality attributable to tobacco smoking has increased in the elderly, while stroke mortality attributable to high blood pressure has declined. Life expectancy at age 40 y in 2007 would have been extended by 1.4 y for both sexes (men, 95% CI: 1.3–1.6; women, 95% CI: 1.2–1.7) if exposures to multiple cardiovascular risk factors had been reduced to their optimal levels as determined by a theoretical-minimum-risk exposure distribution.Conclusions
Tobacco smoking and high blood pressure are the two major risk factors for adult mortality from non-communicable diseases and injuries in Japan. There is a large potential population health gain if multiple risk factors are jointly controlled. Please see later in the article for the Editors'' Summary 相似文献40.
Possible effects of interaction (cross-talk) between signaling pathways is studied in a system of Reaction-Diffusion (RD) equations. Furthermore, the relevance of spontaneous neurite symmetry breaking and Turing instability has been examined through numerical simulations. The interaction between Retinoic Acid (RA) and Notch signaling pathways is considered as a perturbation to RD system of axon-forming potential for N2a neuroblastoma cells. The present work suggests that large increases to the level of RA-Notch interaction can possibly have substantial impacts on neurite outgrowth and on the process of axon formation. This can be observed by the numerical study of the homogeneous system showing that in the absence of RA-Notch interaction the unperturbed homogeneous system may exhibit different saddle-node bifurcations that are robust under small perturbations by low levels of RA-Notch interactions, while large increases in the level of RA-Notch interaction result in a number of transitions of saddle-node bifurcations into Hopf bifurcations. It is speculated that near a Hopf bifurcation, the regulations between the positive and negative feedbacks change in such a way that spontaneous symmetry breaking takes place only when transport of activated Notch protein takes place at a faster rate. 相似文献