Life history tradeoffs in relation to the degree of polyandry and developmental pathway in Pieris napi (Lepidoptera, Pieridae)

Pieris napi females have different heritable reproductive tactics. Polyandrous females have higher lifetime fecundity, whereas monandrous ones start to reproduce at a faster rate. Butterfly larvae are time‐constrained in seasonal environments. Thus, polyandry is expected to be associated with fast juvenile development, which may result in biased mortality due to physiological costs. We compared how females with varying degrees of polyandry allocate between duration of larval period and achievable size in directly developing and over‐wintering generations. Offspring survival and growth were monitored under a high density and low quality diet. Polyandrous females developed at a faster rate than monandrous ones, regardless of developmental pathway. The growth rate of female offspring correlated with their mothers’ degree of polyandry, which underpins polyandry and monandry as distinct strategies with life history differences reaching beyond mating frequency. The high growth rate of polyandrous females resulted in a short larval period among directly developing females, and in large size within an over‐wintering cohort. A change in either the duration of the larval period or pupal mass had no significant effect on the other, emphasising that growth rate is not necessarily a simple outcome of the tradeoff between development time and size at maturity. The correlation between the degree of polyandry and juvenile growth rate diminished when larvae were exposed to environmental stress, which offers an explanation why juvenile mortality was decoupled from mating tactic. We conclude that polyandry is a strategy that allows larvae to utilise optimal conditions in a more effective way than monandry. As a consequence, polyandrous females either achieve larger size or they mature faster. This gives them a double advantage over monandrous ones within an over‐wintering generation or diminishes the effects of asynchronous hatching of offspring within a directly developing generation. Possible costs of high growth rate are discussed.     

Human lymphoblastoid cell lines secreting antibodies with restricted HLA specificity

Peripheral B lymphocytes obtained from three healthy individuals who had been immunized against peripheral blood lymphocytes from appropriate HLA-incompatible donors were transformed by the use of Epstein-Barr virus. The transformed blastoid B cells were repeatedly subcultured by means of cluster picking, and the HLA antibody-producing cultures were identified by testing the culture supernatants by means of the cytotoxicity assay, using the corresponding donor cells. Thus far, four cell lines that secrete cytotoxic HLA antibodies (MP1, 3, 4, and 5) have been established. Specific immunoabsorption experiments revealed that the antibody activity is carried by lambda-type IgM for MP1, by kappa-type IgM for MP3 and MP5, and by both for MP4. Specificity analysis of a panel of HLA-pretyped cells indicated that MP1 detects DQw2, whereas MP5 recognizes B7. The specificity of MP3 was similar to a DQ specificity termed DC5 (probably equivalent to TA10) but not the same. In the case of MP4, both of the lambda-type and kappa-type antibodies appeared to be directed toward new HLA class 11 determinants.Abbreviations used in this paper HLA human major histocompatibility - EBV Epstein-Barr virus - B-LCL Blymphoblastoid cell line - NA not absorbed - PBS phosphate-buffered saline - SPA Sepharose protein A - NRS normal rabbit serum     

Septal deafferentation produces continuous rhythmic slow activity (theta) in the rat hippocampus

Hippocampal EEG was recorded in behaving rats in which the brain stem afferents to the septal region were previously damaged. In these animals rhythmic slow activity (RSA or theta) was continuously present, including drinking and immobility. The average frequency of RSA, however, was significantly higher during running (8-9 Hz) than during drinking or awake motionless state (6-8 Hz). In normal rats irregular sharp waves, rather than RSA were present during drinking and immobility. The results suggest that brain stem afferents are necessary to suppress the rhythmic firing of septal "pacemaker" cells.     

Environmental factors affecting the life-tables ofTetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) III. Host-plant nutrition

First, the literature of the last two decades on nutritional effects of host plants on spider mites is briefly reviewed. Second, experiments are described that subjected micro-propagated apple trees to four different levels of each macronutrient N, P and K. Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) feeding on leaf disks of these plants were checked for their developmental time, egg production and longevity. Plant analysis revealed that the concentration of N, P and K corresponded to the respective treatments. The content of phenolic compounds in the leaves increased with N and P deficiency. In the N experiment, spider-mite preimaginal developmental rate and oviposition rate were both positively correlated with leaf N. Often, fecundity was positively correlated with N and carbohydrate content of the leaves, and negatively with the phenolic content. Longevity of the two-spotted spider mite was not significantly affected by any treatment. The K experiments yielded only minor differences in plant contents as well as in spider-mite biology.From these mite data, file-tables were constructed and statistically analyzed by the Jackknife technique. The life-table analysis showed a gradual decline in the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r _m) with N and P deficiency. With all experiments pooled,r _m was clearly correlated to leaf N and particularly to the content of phenolic compounds in the leaves. Nitrogen shortage had the most distinct influence on mite population growth: in a range of 1.5–3.0% leaf N,r _m increased by a factor of 4, the number of multiplications per generation (R ₀) by 11, and the doubling time of the population was prolonged 4-fold on severely N deficient leaves.     

Production of protoplasts from the fungi Curvularia inaequalis and Trichoderma reesei

Summary Protoplast formation in Curvularia inaequalis was achieved using non-commercial and commercial snail gut enzymes or Trichoderma harzianum enzymes. The cells were grown for enzyme treatment on cellophane sheets or in liquid cultures for varying periods of time. The production of T. harzianum enzymes is discussed. The highest protoplast yields were 2.6x10⁷ protoplasts/ml enzyme solution. Protoplasts were shown to have zero to four nuclei. Protoplast regeneration was succesfully carried out in semisolid agar.     

Fortpflanzung und entwicklung vonAnemonia sulcata (Anthozoa,Actiniaria) II. Frühentwicklung,Blastula und Gastrula

Early developmental stages of theAnemonia germ are characterized by asynchronously dividing nuclei and an extreme delay of blastomere differentiation. The nuclei migrate to the periphery, whereas nutritive substances remain in the interior. Following this stage, the appearance of cell boundaries results in the formation of the blastoderm and the simultaneous division of the yolk into many fragments. Most of them are exclusively filled with reserve material; only very few contain zooxanthellae or nuclei. On the embryo's surface, conically shaped bundles of long microvilli are obvious. They appear to be less regularly arranged than the spines of oocytes before insemination. Pigment granules that have originated from fusing Golgi vesicles are crowded peripherally in the blastoderm cells. In the nucleoplasm single annulate lamellae that seem to be cut off from the nuclear envelope can frequently be found. There is no further cellular differentiation until gastrulation is completed. Though yolk-containing cellular fragments occupy nearly the whole blastocoel, entoderm formation occurs by invagination. Ultrastructural observations provide evidence of the existence of interstices between entoderm cells that allow all nutritive substances to pass gradually into the gastric cavity. In the region of the blastoporus there are cellular processes enveloping reserve material. Presumably, these observations indicate a so-called filtration of nutritive yolk (Korschelt & Heider, 1909) that might represent an additional mode for the transfer of yolk-containing cellular fragments from blastocoel into gastrocoel.     

Phosphomannosyl receptors of lysosomal enzymes in cardiac and skeletal muscles of young and old mice

The endogenous activity and the binding of high-uptake beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were assayed in the membranes of heart and skeletal muscles of young (2 months) and old (15 months) NMRI-mice (Mus musculus) to evaluate the age-related changes in the phosphomannosyl receptors of lysosomal enzymes in muscular membranes. The total activities of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase were significantly higher in cardiac and skeletal muscles of old than young mice. The total and the specific (inhibited by mannose-6-phosphate) binding of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase to the membranes of cardiac muscle, but not to those of skeletal muscle, were higher in old mice than in young ones. The endogenous activity of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase was significantly higher in the membranes of skeletal muscles of old mice than in those of young mice. The membranes of heart muscles did not show any difference in the endogenous activities. The saturation properties of the binding of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase to the phosphomannosyl receptors were very similar in the membranes of heart and skeletal muscles of both age groups. We conclude that during aging the number of phosphomannosyl receptors of lysosomal enzymes increases in the membranes of heart muscle while the occupancy of phosphomannosyl receptors with endogenous ligands increases in the membranes of skeletal muscle.     

Ultrastructure and Host Specificity of Bacteriophages of Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis, and Leuconostoc cremoris from Finnish Fermented Milk "Viili"

"Viili," a fermented milk product, has a firm but viscous consistency. It is produced with traditional mesophilic mixed-strain starters, which have various stabilities in dairy practice. Thirteen morphologically different types of phages were found in 90 viili samples studied by electron microscopy. Ten of the phage types had isometric heads with long, noncontractile tails, two had elongated heads with long, noncontractile tails, and one had a unique, very long elongated head with a short tail. Further morphological differences were found in the tail size and in the presence or absence of a collar, a baseplate, and a tail fiber. To find hosts for the industrially significant phages, we examined the sensitivities of 500 bacterial isolates from starters of the viili. Seven of the phages attacked Streptococcus cremoris strains, three attacked S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis strains, and four attacked Leuconostoc cremoris strains. Some phages differed only in their host specificity. Hosts were not found for 4 of the 13 morphological types of phages.