The genus Scutellaria (Lamiaceae, Scutellarioidae) includes taxa with a wide range of pharmacological traits, which make this genus economically important. Previous taxonomical studies on Scutellaria were mainly based on morphological and chromosomal characters. The infrageneric classification of the genus has been the subject of a long controversy among authors, and delimitation of taxa remains problematic. In this study, the phylogeny of the genus was evaluated using nrDNA ITS and trnL-F sequences, with a focus on the 42 Iranian taxa belonging to subgenera Apeltanthus and Scutellaria. In both ITS and trnL-F trees, there were two main clades within the genus corresponding to the two subgenera Scutellaria and Apeltanthus. In the subg. Scutellaria, the sect. Anaspis was monophyletic, but the monophyly of sect. Scutellaria was not supported. In this subgenus, S. galericulata was located away from other species in both trees, supported the isolation of this species from the sect. Scutellaria and inclusion in the sect. Galericularia as was previously considered by some authors. In subg. Apeltanthus, sect. Apeltanthus and sect. Lupulinaria were not monophyletic; furthermore, the monophyly of subsect. Lupulinaria was not supported. Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested that the sectional classification of both subgenera Apeltanthus and Scutellaria should be revised. 相似文献
Molecular Biology Reports - Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common and the first cause of death worldwide. While some studies have investigated the association of the Adenosine... 相似文献
Eighteen lactating dairy cows were used to compare the effects of organic and inorganic Zn supplements on milk production
and chemical composition of milk. Animals received three diets in a randomized block design: basal diet with no supplemental
Zn (control, 42 mg Zn/kg), basal diet plus 500 mg Zn/kg of dry matter (DM) as zinc sulfate monohydrate (ZnS) and basal diet
plus 500 mg Zn/kg of DM as zinc methionine (ZnM). Results showed that milk and fat-corrected milk yield in dairy cows were
not significantly affected by Zn source although a numerical increase was observed. The percentages of protein, lactose, fat,
solid nonfat, total solid, and density of milk were not significantly different between treatments. However, dairy cows that
received ZnM tended to produce more milk and fat-corrected milk with a lower somatic cell count as compared to controls. The
zinc concentration in milk in the ZnM and ZnS groups was higher (P < 0.05) than in milk from the control group, but there were no significant differences between ZnS and ZnM groups. 相似文献
Oxidized l-alpha-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (OxPAPC), a component of minimally modified LDL, induces production of proinflammatory cytokines and development of atherosclerotic lesions. We tested the hypothesis that OxPAPC alters expression, phosphorylation, and localization of tight junction (TJ) proteins, particularly occludin, a transmembrane TJ protein. OxPAPC reduced total occludin protein and increased occludin phosphorylation dose dependently (10-50 microg/ml) and time dependently in bovine aortic endothelial cells. OxPAPC decreased occludin mRNA and reduced the immunoreactivity of zonula occludens-1 at the cell-cell contacts. Furthermore, OxPAPC increased the diffusive flux of 10-kDa dextran in a dose-dependent manner. O2-* production by bovine aortic endothelial cells increased nearly twofold after exposure to OxPAPC. Also, enzymatic generation of O2-* by xanthine oxidase-lumazine and H2O2 by glucose oxidase-glucose increased occludin phosphorylation, implicating reactive oxygen species as modulators of the OxPAPC effects on occludin phosphorylation. Superoxide dismutase and/or catalase blocked the effects of OxPAPC on occludin protein content and phosphorylation, occludin mRNA, zonula occludens-1 immunoreactivity, and diffusive flux of 10-kDa dextran. These findings suggest that changes in TJ proteins are potential mechanisms by which OxPAPC compromises the barrier properties of the vascular endothelium. OxPAPC-induced disruption of TJs, which likely facilitates transmigration of LDL and inflammatory cells into the subendothelial layers, may be mediated by reactive oxygen species. 相似文献
Within arterial bifurcations or branching points, oscillatory shear stress (OSS) induces oxidative stress mainly via the reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleodtide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase system. It is unknown whether 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) can regulate OSS-mediated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) modifications. Bovine aortic endothelial cells were pretreated with E(2) at 5 nmol/L, followed by exposure to OSS (0 +/- 3.0 dynes/cm(2) s and 60 cycles/min) in a flow system. E(2) decreased OSS-mediated NADPH oxidase mRNA expression, and E(2)-mediated (.-)NO production was mitigated by the NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-l-argenine methyl ester. The rates of O(2)(-.) production in response to OSS increased steadily as determined by superoxide-dismutase-inhibited ferricytochrome c reduction; whereas, pretreatment with E(2) decreased OSS-mediated O(2)(-.) production (n = 4, p < 0.05). In the presence of native LDL (50 microg/mL), E(2) also significantly reversed OSS-mediated LDL oxidation as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. In the presence of O(2)(-.) donor, xanthine oxidase (XO), E(2) further reversed XO-induced LDL lipid peroxidation (n = 3, p < 0.001). Mass spectra acquired in the m/z 400-1800 range, revealed XO-mediated LDL protein nitration involving tyrosine 2535 in the alpha-2 domains, whereas pretreatment with E(2) reversed nitration, as supported by the changes in nitrotyrosine intensities. Thus, E(2) plays an indirect antioxidative role. In addition to upregulation of endothelial (.-)NO synthase and downregulation of Nox4 expression, E(2) influences LDL modifications via lipid peroxidation and protein nitration. 相似文献
Vascular factors beside metabolic problems are involved in both etiopathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy, and more remarkably,
later in “repair” phase, that governs the net balance between neuro-regenerative/degenerative reactions. Regarding ischemic
nature of diabetic neuropathy that highlights necessity of blood vessels re-establishment during tissue healing, VEGF (vascular
endothelial growth factor) has been recently the subject of extensive investigations in diabetic neuropathy (DNU). This growth
factor possesses angiogenic potentials in addition to the hemodynamic functions. The distribution of VEGF gene polymorphisms
at positions −7*C/T, −1001*G/C, −1154*G/A and −2578*C/A were analysed by ARMS–PCR in 248 type 1 diabetic British-Caucasian
subjects (81 DNU+, 167 DNU−). We have found that distribution of a VEGF gene polymorphism at promoter region (−7*C/T) was
significantly different between diabetic subjects with vs. without neuropathy and the allele (C) conferred susceptibility
to DNU (P = 0.02; OR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.0–3.1). The present study indicates that polymorphism of the VEGF gene at position −7*C/T might
be implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy as it may harbour some functional/regulatory potential in VEGF gene
expression. However, this requires further studies in order to better understand its phenotypic impact and to investigate
the prognostic value of this polymorphism in diabetic neuropathy as a chronic complication of diabetes. 相似文献
Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants - To study the possibility of increasing the drought tolerance of common bean with the exogenous application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), an experiment... 相似文献
Over-expression of CAX3 encoding a cation/proton exchanger enhances Cd tolerance by decreasing ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) through activating anti-oxidative enzymes via elevation of Ca level in Arabidopsis
Abstract
CAXs (cation/proton exchangers) are involved in the sequestration of cations such as Mn, Li, and Cd, as well as Ca, from cytosol into the vacuole using proton gradients. In addition, it has been reported that CAX1, 2 and 4 are involved in Cd tolerance. Interestingly, it has been reported that CAX3 expressions were enhanced by Cd in Cd-tolerant transgenic plants expressing Hb1 (hemoglobin 1) or UBC1 (Ub-conjugating enzyme 1). Therefore, to investigate whether CAX3 plays a role in increasing Cd tolerance, CAX3 of Arabidopsis and tobacco were over-expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Compared to control plants, both transgenic plants displayed an increase in Cd tolerance, no change in Cd accumulation, and enhanced Ca levels. In support of these, AtCAX3-Arabidopsis showed no change in expressions of Cd transporters, but reduced expressions of Ca exporters and lower rate of Ca efflux. By contrast, atcax3 knockout Arabidopsis exhibited a reduced Cd tolerance, while the Cd level was not altered. The expression of Δ90-AtCAX3 (deletion of autoinhibitory domain) increased Cd and Ca tolerance in yeast, while AtCAX3 expression did not. Interestingly, less accumulation of ROS (H2O2 and O2?) was observed in CAX3-expressing transgenic plants and was accompanied with higher antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GR). Taken together, CAX3 over-expression may enhance Cd tolerance by decreasing Cd-induced ROS production by activating antioxidant enzymes and by intervening the positive feedback circuit between ROS generation and Cd-induced spikes of cytoplasmic Ca.
Isocyanide-based consecutive Bargellini/Ugi multicomponent reactions as a combinatorial strategy have been developed for the synthesis of new class of pseudo-peptides. Via Bargellini reaction 3-carboxamido-isobutyric acids are prepared using acetone, chloroform, sodium hydroxide, and isocyanides. Then, using Ugi multicomponent reaction strategy, pseudo-peptides containing three amide bonds are synthesized using the Bargellini reaction product, aldehydes, amines, and isocyanides. This is an efficient and eco-friendly approach for easy access to wide variety of structurally diverse, drug-like pseudo-peptides from cheap and readily available precursors in high yields.
Plant Molecular Biology Reporter - The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of drought stress on oxidative damage and efficiency of PSII photochemistry in barley and compare the... 相似文献