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51.
The innervation of the Brockmann bodies in the teleost fish, Blennius gattoruggine, was studied using immunocytochemical techniques at both the light and electron microscopy levels. Islet innervation consisted of intrapancreatic ganglia, generally localized inside the rim of the exocrine tissue of the Brockmann bodies, in proximity to the islet, nerve fibres and nerve terminals with synaptic complexes. The intrapancreatic ganglia were of variable size, with different numbers of ganglionic cells, that appeared unipolar in section. The cell bodies showed immunoreactivity to galanin, oxytocin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine and glucagon. The extrinsic and intrinsic nerve fibres passed through the exocrine parenchyma and crossed the connectival septa and islet connectival sheath, penetrating into the islets, where they became increasingly thinner. They terminated on the endocrine cells with dilated nerve terminals. At least three types of terminals were detected, depending on the different vesicle content: peptidergic, cholinergic or adrenergic. They presented specialized synaptic structures, the neuroglandular junctions, some of which contained neurosecretory granules immunogold labelled by galanin antiserum. This new finding confirms the role of galanin as a neurotransmitter. This rich supply of innervation may be important in the regulation and integration of islet secretion. 相似文献
52.
Ferrari A Weill FS Paz ML Cela EM González Maglio DH Leoni J 《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2012,6(3):510-517
Since they were first described in 1993, it was found that recombinant variable fragments (rVHHs) of heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) from Camelidae have unusual biophysical properties, as well as a special ability to interact with epitopes that are cryptic for conventional Abs. It has been assumed that in vivo raised polyclonal HCAbs (pHCAbs) should behave in a similar manner than rVHHs; however, this assumption has not been tested sufficiently. Furthermore, our own preliminary work on a single serum sample from a llama immunized with a β-lactamase, has suggested that pHCAbs have no special ability to down-modulate catalytic activity. In this work, we further explored the interaction of pHCAbs from four llamas raised against two microbial enzymes and analyzed it within a short and a long immunization plan. The relative contribution of pHCAbs to serum titer was found to be low compared with that of the most abundant conventional subisotype (IgG(1)), during the whole immunization schedule. Furthermore, pHCAbs not only failed to inhibit the enzymes, but also activated one of them. Altogether, these results suggest that raising high titer inhibitory HCAbs is not a straightforward strategy - neither as a biotechnological strategy nor in the biological context of an immune response against infection - as raising inhibitory rVHHs. 相似文献
53.
Ethan DH Kim Ashish Sabharwal Adrian R Vetta Mathieu Blanchette 《Algorithms for molecular biology : AMB》2010,5(1):34
Background
Affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry identification (AP-MS) is an increasingly popular approach to observe protein-protein interactions (PPI) in vivo. One drawback of AP-MS, however, is that it is prone to detecting indirect interactions mixed with direct physical interactions. Therefore, the ability to distinguish direct interactions from indirect ones is of much interest. 相似文献54.
SplitsTree: analyzing and visualizing evolutionary data 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
MOTIVATION: Real evolutionary data often contain a number of different and
sometimes conflicting phylogenetic signals, and thus do not always clearly
support a unique tree. To address this problem, Bandelt and Dress (Adv.
Math., 92, 47-05, 1992) developed the method of split decomposition. For
ideal data, this method gives rise to a tree, whereas less ideal data are
represented by a tree-like network that may indicate evidence for different
and conflicting phylogenies. RESULTS: SplitsTree is an interactive program,
for analyzing and visualizing evolutionary data, that implements this
approach. It also supports a number of distances transformations, the
computation of parsimony splits, spectral analysis and bootstrapping.
相似文献
55.