What cost mitochondria? The maintenance of functional mitochondrial DNA within and across generations

The peculiar biology of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) potentially has detrimental consequences for organismal health and lifespan. Typically, eukaryotic cells contain multiple mitochondria, each with multiple mtDNA genomes. The high copy number of mtDNA implies that selection on mtDNA functionality is relaxed. Furthermore, because mtDNA replication is not strictly regulated, within-cell selection may favour mtDNA variants with a replication advantage, but a deleterious effect on cell fitness. The opportunities for selfish mtDNA mutations to spread are restricted by various organism-level adaptations, such as uniparental transmission, germline mtDNA bottlenecks, germline selection and, during somatic growth, regular alternation between fusion and fission of mitochondria. These mechanisms are all hypothesized to maintain functional mtDNA. However, the strength of selection for maintenance of functional mtDNA progressively declines with age, resulting in age-related diseases. Furthermore, organismal adaptations that most probably evolved to restrict the opportunities for selfish mtDNA create secondary problems. Owing to predominantly maternal mtDNA transmission, recombination among mtDNA from different individuals is highly restricted or absent, reducing the scope for repair. Moreover, maternal inheritance precludes selection against mtDNA variants with male-specific effects. We finish by discussing the consequences of life-history differences among taxa with respect to mtDNA evolution and make a case for the use of microorganisms to experimentally manipulate levels of selection.     

Sporulation and Enterotoxin Production by Mutants of Clostridium perfringens

The ability of Clostridium perfringens type A to produce an enterotoxin active in human food poisoning has been shown to be directly related to the ability of the organism to sporulate. Enterotoxin was produced only in a sporulation medium and not in a growth medium in which sporulation was repressed. Mutants with an altered ability to sporulate were isolated from an sp(+) ent(+) strain either as spontaneous mutants or after mutagenesis with acridine orange or nitrosoguanidine. All sp(0) (-) mutants were ent(-). Except for one isolate, these mutants were not disturbed in other toxic functions characteristic of the wild type and unrelated to sporulation. A total of four of seven osp(0) mutants retained the ability to produce detectable levels of enterotoxin. None of the ent(-) mutants produced gene products serologically homologous to enterotoxin. A total of three sp(-) mutants, blocked at intermediate stages of sporulation, produced enterotoxin. Of these mutants, one was blocked at stage III, one probably at late stage IV, and one probably at stage V. A total of three sp(+) revertants isolated from an sp(-) ent(-) mutant regained not only the ability to sporulate but also the ability to produce enterotoxin. The enterotoxin appears to be a sporulation-specific gene product; however, the function of the enterotoxin in sporulation is unknown.     

Empirical phylogenies and species abundance distributions are consistent with preequilibrium dynamics of neutral community models with gene flow

Community characteristics reflect past ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Here, we investigate whether it is possible to obtain realistically shaped modeled communities–that is with phylogenetic trees and species abundance distributions shaped similarly to typical empirical bird and mammal communities–from neutral community models. To test the effect of gene flow, we contrasted two spatially explicit individual‐based neutral models: one with protracted speciation, delayed by gene flow, and one with point mutation speciation, unaffected by gene flow. The former produced more realistic communities (shape of phylogenetic tree and species‐abundance distribution), consistent with gene flow being a key process in macro‐evolutionary dynamics. Earlier models struggled to capture the empirically observed branching tempo in phylogenetic trees, as measured by the gamma statistic. We show that the low gamma values typical of empirical trees can be obtained in models with protracted speciation, in preequilibrium communities developing from an initially abundant and widespread species. This was even more so in communities sampled incompletely, particularly if the unknown species are the youngest. Overall, our results demonstrate that the characteristics of empirical communities that we have studied can, to a large extent, be explained through a purely neutral model under preequilibrium conditions.     

Lactose repressor hinge domain independently binds DNA

The short 8–10 amino acid “hinge” sequence in lactose repressor (LacI), present in other LacI/GalR family members, links DNA and inducer‐binding domains. Structural studies of full‐length or truncated LacI‐operator DNA complexes demonstrate insertion of the dimeric helical “hinge” structure at the center of the operator sequence. This association bends the DNA ～40° and aligns flanking semi‐symmetric DNA sites for optimal contact by the N‐terminal helix‐turn‐helix (HtH) sequences within each dimer. In contrast, the hinge region remains unfolded when bound to nonspecific DNA sequences. To determine ability of the hinge helix alone to mediate DNA binding, we examined (i) binding of LacI variants with deletion of residues 1–50 to remove the HtH DNA binding domain or residues 1–58 to remove both HtH and hinge domains and (ii) binding of a synthetic peptide corresponding to the hinge sequence with a Val52Cys substitution that allows reversible dimer formation via a disulfide linkage. Binding affinity for DNA is orders of magnitude lower in the absence of the helix‐turn‐helix domain with its highly positive charge. LacI missing residues 1–50 binds to DNA with ～4‐fold greater affinity for operator than for nonspecific sequences with minimal impact of inducer presence; in contrast, LacI missing residues 1–58 exhibits no detectable affinity for DNA. In oxidized form, the dimeric hinge peptide alone binds to O1 and nonspecific DNA with similarly small difference in affinity; reduction to monomer diminished binding to both O1 and nonspecific targets. These results comport with recent reports regarding LacI hinge interaction with DNA sequences.     

Polyamines in turions and young plants of hydrocharis morsus-ranae and utricularia intermedia

Spermidine is the most abundant polyamine in dormant turions of Hydrocharis morsus-ranae and Utricularia intermedia, and it is also the dominant polyamine in sprouts of U. intermedia. The putrescine level is high in young leaves of H. morsus-ranae. Cadaverine and homospermidine occur respectively in vernalized turions of H. morsus-ranae and of U. intermedia.     

Individual heterogeneity in fitness in a long‐lived herbivore

Heterogeneity in the intrinsic quality and nutritional condition of individuals affects reproductive success and consequently fitness. Black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans) are long‐lived, migratory, specialist herbivores. Long migratory pathways and short summer breeding seasons constrain the time and energy available for reproduction, thus magnifying life‐history trade‐offs. These constraints, combined with long lifespans and trade‐offs between current and future reproductive value, provide a model system to examine the role of individual heterogeneity in driving life‐history strategies and individual heterogeneity in fitness. We used hierarchical Bayesian models to examine reproductive trade‐offs, modeling the relationships between within‐year measures of reproductive energy allocation and among‐year demographic rates of individual females breeding on the Yukon‐Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, using capture–recapture and reproductive data from 1988 to 2014. We generally found that annual survival tended to be buffered against variation in reproductive investment, while breeding probability varied considerably over the range of clutch size‐laying date combinations. We provide evidence for relationships between breeding probability and clutch size, breeding probability and nest initiation date, and an interaction between clutch size and initiation date. Average lifetime clutch size also had a weak positive relationship with apparent survival probability. Our results support the use of demographic buffering strategies for black brant. These results also indirectly suggest associations among environmental conditions during growth, fitness, and energy allocation, highlighting the effects of early growth conditions on individual heterogeneity, and subsequently, lifetime reproductive investment.     

Bacterial and algal symbiont dynamics in early recruits exposed to two adult coral species

Coral Reefs - Corals live in a symbiotic relationship with various microorganisms including bacteria, some of which are essential for host health and survival. Bacterial assemblages are typically...     

Genomewide scan for linkage reveals evidence of several susceptibility loci for alopecia areata

Alopecia areata (AA) is a genetically determined, immune-mediated disorder of the hair follicle that affects 1%-2% of the U.S. population. It is defined by a spectrum of severity that ranges from patchy localized hair loss on the scalp to the complete absence of hair everywhere on the body. In an effort to define the genetic basis of AA, we performed a genomewide search for linkage in 20 families with AA consisting of 102 affected and 118 unaffected individuals from the United States and Israel. Our analysis revealed evidence of at least four susceptibility loci on chromosomes 6, 10, 16 and 18, by use of several different statistical approaches. Fine-mapping analysis with additional families yielded a maximum multipoint LOD score of 3.93 on chromosome 18, a two-point affected sib pair (ASP) LOD score of 3.11 on chromosome 16, several ASP LOD scores >2.00 on chromosome 6q, and a haplotype-based relative risk LOD of 2.00 on chromosome 6p (in the major histocompatibility complex locus). Our findings confirm previous studies of association of the human leukocyte antigen locus with human AA, as well as the C3H-HeJ mouse model for AA. Interestingly, the major loci on chromosomes 16 and 18 coincide with loci for psoriasis reported elsewhere. These results suggest that these regions may harbor gene(s) involved in a number of different skin and hair disorders.     

L'hématoxyline au plomb permet-elle l'identification des cellules corticotropes de l'hypophyse des téléostéens?

Conclusion La technique à l'hématoxyline au plomb de Mac Conaill permet l'identification d'un type cellulaire situé dans la pars distalis rostrale, en bordure des ramifications de la neurohypophyse dans l'hypophyse de plusieurs Poissons Téléostéens; il est également colorable par le bleu d'alizarine d'Herlant; toutefois, l'intensité de ces deux réactions tinctoriales est très variable selon les espèces. Chez l'Anguille, les Salmonidés et le Cyprin, la nature corticotrope de ces cellules est établie expérimentalement. La colorabilité par l'hématoxyline d'une autre catégorie cellulaire dans la pars intermedia laisse supposer l'existence de constituants communs aux deux types cellulaires, et peut-être même à leurs produits d'élaboration. Cette communauté de certains aminoacides entre l'ACTH et l'intermédine a déjà été démontrée chez divers Mammifères.     

Zinc-finger UBPs: regulators of deubiquitylation

Deubiquitylating enzymes have key regulatory roles in multiple cellular processes by mediating ubiquitin removal and processing. The ubiquitin-specific processing proteases (USPs) represent the largest subclass of deubiquitylases. Recently, several USPs that recognize the monoubiquitylated histones H2A and/or H2B have been identified. Among these enzymes, three USPs contain a zinc-finger ubiquitin-specific protease (ZnF-UBP) domain, indicating that this domain plays a crucial part in regulating their activity. To address the putative function of this domain, we systematically analysed and aligned yeast and human ZnF-UBP-containing proteins. By complementing our analysis with structural and functional data, we present a classification of the different ZnF-UBP-containing proteins and a model for their regulation.