A method for the epidemiologic study of early diabetes

A diabetic survey was conducted among 4048 subjects well enough to report for work, using a questionnaire covering past, present, family and obstetric history, and a capillary blood glucose determination at least 1½ hours after eating. A “positive screen” was obtained in 267 individuals, in 67 on the basis of elevated blood glucose value alone, in 179 on the basis of questionnaire responses alone, and in 21 by both criteria. Glucose tolerance tests were performed on 130 subjects (49% of eligible individuals) and yielded diabetic curves in 18, 6 and 33% respectively for the three categories of positive screening tests.It is suggested that the magnitude of the group with positive history only is such that future natural history studies must take this subsample into consideration.     

Detection and characterization of extracellular proteases in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens H17c

Summary The detection and approximate molecular weights of extracellular serine protease isoenzymes produced by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens H17c were determined by gelatin-PAGE. Nine bands of protease activity with apparent molecular weights of approximately 101000, 95000, 87000, 80000, 76000, 68000, 63000, 54000 and 42000 were detected after gelatin-PAGE of supernatants from exponential phase cultures. A tenth serine protease band with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 32000 was detected in stationary phase cells. The activities of all ten protease bands were inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor but their activities were not affected by inhibitors of trypsin-like enzymes or metallo-, sulphydryl-and carboxylproteases. The activity of all ten exoprotease bands was optimal between pH 6.0 and 7.5. The ten exoprotease bands were only detected in media containing trypticase or casamino acids as nitrogen sources. Production of the ten protease bands was not affected by the carbohydrate source.     

Coelenterate organs

Cnidaria and ctenophores, though of the ‘tissue grade of construction’, can form organs of considerable complexity, for example the prehensile tentilla of Euplokamis, the erupting nematocyst batteries of the siphonophores Stephanophyes and Nanomia and the complex eyes of cubomedu‐sae such as Carybdea and Tripedalia. The polypoid and medusoid members of siphonophore colonies are functionally equivalent to organs and may be considered as ‘zooid‐derived organs’. There is no reason to regard the lack of a single, dominant nerve centre as a factor constraining organ development in coelenterates.     

Isolation and characterization of cloned cDNAs that code for human ribosomal protein S6

Ribosomal protein (rp) S6 is the major substrate of protein kinases in eukaryotic ribosomes. To facilitate the identification of cloned cDNAs for human rpS6, we used published amino acid (aa) sequence data for rat liver rpS6 and yeast (Saccharomyces carlsbergensis) rpS10 to design mixed oligodeoxynucleotide probes. Screening of several human cDNA libraries with these probes permitted the isolation of plasmids which encompass the entire coding sequence of rpS6 (249 aa residues), 27 bp of the 5'-untranslated leader and all 39 bp of the 3'-untranslated region. A comparison of the predicted human rpS6 amino acid sequence and the yeast rpS10 amino acid sequence shows highly conserved areas separated by regions of divergence.     

A history of the international conferences on coelenterate biology

From the author's opening address as President of the Fifth International Conference on Coelenterate Biology, given at Southampton University, 9 July 1989.