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41.
The reproduction of apterous virginoparae of A. fabae on field beans is primarily controlled by nutrition of both the larval and adult stages. The kind of hostplant and the lighting conditions under which it is grown affect the aphid's fecundity and reproductive rate. Plants grown under mercury fluorescent lamps provide the aphids with better or more nutrients of the right kind so that they reproduce better than aphids living on plants grown in daylight in glasshouses.Nutrition during larval life also affects the early reproductive rate and fecundity of the aphids. Aphids that grew quickly as larvae reproduced faster during early adult life than slow developers. Fast developers were heavier and larger but did not contain more embryos than slow developers as adults and probably received a more nutritious food supply during their larval lives.
Zusammenfassung Die Fortpflanzung ungeflügelter Virginoparer von Aphis fabae auf Ackerbohnen wird primär durch die Ernährung der Larven und Erwachsenen gesteuert. Die Art der Wirtspflanze und die Beleuchtungsbedingungen, unter denen sie sich entwickeln, beeinflussen die Gesamt-Fruchtbarkeit und die Reproduktionsrate der Blattläuse. Pflanzen, die unter Quecksilber-Fluoreszenz-Lampen (Leuchtstoffröhren) aufwuchsen, bieten den Blattläusen offensichtlich bessere oder mehr Nahrungsstoffe der erforderlichen Art, so daß sie sich besser fortpflanzen als Läuse, die auf Pflanzen leben, die im Gewächshaus unter Tageslicht aufgezogen wurden.Auch die Ernährungsverhältnisse während des Larvallebens beeinflussen die anfängliche Reproduktionsrate und die Fruchtbarkeit der Blattläuse. Manche Blattläuse, die sich rascher als andere entwickeln, hatten im frühen Adultstadium eine höhere Reproduktionsrate als die Langsam-Entwickler. Schnell-Entwickler waren schwerer und größer als Langsam-Entwickler und erhielten während ihres Larvallebens wahrscheinlich eine nahrhaftere Kost.相似文献
42.
Pedro A. Soares Jean A. Trejaut Teresa Rito Bruno Cavadas Catherine Hill Ken Khong Eng Maru Mormina Andreia Brandão Ross M. Fraser Tse-Yi Wang Jun-Hun Loo Christopher Snell Tsang-Ming Ko António Amorim Maria Pala Vincent Macaulay David Bulbeck James F. Wilson Leonor Gusmão Luísa Pereira Stephen Oppenheimer Marie Lin Martin B. Richards 《Human genetics》2016,135(3):309-326
43.
A Role for Protein Kinase Bβ/Akt2 in Insulin-Stimulated GLUT4 Translocation in Adipocytes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Michelle M. Hill Sharon F. Clark David F. Tucker Morris J. Birnbaum David E. James S. Lance Macaulay 《Molecular and cellular biology》1999,19(11):7771-7781
Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into muscle and fat cells by promoting the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell surface. Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) has been implicated in this process. However, the involvement of protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt, a downstream target of PI3K in regulation of GLUT4 translocation, has been controversial. Here we report that microinjection of a PKB substrate peptide or an antibody to PKB inhibited insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane by 66 or 56%, respectively. We further examined the activation of PKB isoforms following treatment of cells with insulin or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and found that PKBbeta is preferentially expressed in both rat and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, whereas PKBalpha expression is down-regulated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. A switch in growth factor response was also observed when 3T3-L1 fibroblasts were differentiated into adipocytes. While PDGF was more efficacious than insulin in stimulating PKB phosphorylation in fibroblasts, PDGF did not stimulate PKBbeta phosphorylation to any significant extent in adipocytes, as assessed by several methods. Moreover, insulin, but not PDGF, stimulated the translocation of PKBbeta to the plasma membrane and high-density microsome fractions of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These results support a role for PKBbeta in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipocytes. 相似文献
44.
This paper identifies two difficulties with treatments of derivation in Algonquian languages. In traditional approaches to grammar, in which the morpheme is seen as a unitary entity, morphemes are understood as minimal units of meaning and/or function. Definitions share an appeal to the morpheme’s indivisibility. In the Algonquianist literature, in contrast, some morphemes (‘components’) can themselves contain other morphemes (which we call ‘formatives’) and they can also be synchronically derived from other components or stems. Drawing data from Menominee, we propose that these difficulties disappear if the formatives are seen as historical rather than synchronic units, while the components are the synchronic morphemes. Formatives bear the hallmarks of historical products of morphologization (phonetic/phonological reduction, semantic bleaching, and increase in grammatical function), and we conclude that they are not part of synchronic grammatical computation. This resolves problems present in traditional and modern theoretical approaches to Algonquian derivation, and has broader ramifications for linguistic theory: in both the structuralist and generativist traditions, synchronic grammar has often been seen as expansive, responsible for generating surface patterns that may instead be products of history. This has been the case in phonology and syntax. The present paper provides a study of the phenomenon in derivational morphology, and suggests that a more modest role for synchronic rules is called for. 相似文献
45.
VLJ Whitehall TD Dumenil DM McKeone CE Bond ML Bettington RL Buttenshaw L Bowdler GW Montgomery LF Wockner BA Leggett 《Epigenetics》2014,9(11):1454-1460
The CpG Island Methylator Phenotype (CIMP) is fundamental to an important subset of colorectal cancer; however, its cause is unknown. CIMP is associated with microsatellite instability but is also found in BRAF mutant microsatellite stable cancers that are associated with poor prognosis. The isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene causes CIMP in glioma due to an activating mutation that produces the 2-hydroxyglutarate oncometabolite. We therefore examined IDH1 alteration as a potential cause of CIMP in colorectal cancer. The IDH1 mutational hotspot was screened in 86 CIMP-positive and 80 CIMP-negative cancers. The entire coding sequence was examined in 81 CIMP-positive colorectal cancers. Forty-seven cancers varying by CIMP-status and IDH1 mutation status were examined using Illumina 450K DNA methylation microarrays. The R132C IDH1 mutation was detected in 4/166 cancers. All IDH1 mutations were in CIMP cancers that were BRAF mutant and microsatellite stable (4/45, 8.9%). Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis identified an IDH1 mutation-like methylation signature in approximately half of the CIMP-positive cancers. IDH1 mutation appears to cause CIMP in a small proportion of BRAF mutant, microsatellite stable colorectal cancers. This study provides a precedent that a single gene mutation may cause CIMP in colorectal cancer, and that this will be associated with a specific epigenetic signature and clinicopathological features. 相似文献
46.
Jack?A?TuszynskiEmail author Philip?Winter Diana?White Chih-Yuan?Tseng Kamlesh?K?Sahu Francesco?Gentile Ivana?Spasevska Sara?Ibrahim?Omar Niloofar?Nayebi Cassandra?DM?Churchill Mariusz?Klobukowski Rabab?M?Abou?El-Magd 《Theoretical biology & medical modelling》2014,11(1):52
A variety of topics are reviewed in the area of mathematical and computational modeling in biology, covering the range of scales from populations of organisms to electrons in atoms. The use of maximum entropy as an inference tool in the fields of biology and drug discovery is discussed. Mathematical and computational methods and models in the areas of epidemiology, cell physiology and cancer are surveyed. The technique of molecular dynamics is covered, with special attention to force fields for protein simulations and methods for the calculation of solvation free energies. The utility of quantum mechanical methods in biophysical and biochemical modeling is explored. The field of computational enzymology is examined. 相似文献
47.
The authors report the rates of obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and macrovascular and microvascular complications among Mohawks of Kahnawake, PQ, who have non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The data were derived from a study comparing rates of macrovascular and microvascular complications among the diabetic subjects and a nondiabetic group matched for age and sex. The data for both groups were collected by means of chart review, interview and body measurement. There were no important differences between the male and female diabetic subjects. Both sexes had high levels of obesity, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetic complications. A total of 86% of the diabetic subjects were obese; the rate was also very high (74%) among the nondiabetic subjects. The mean age at onset of diabetes, 59 years, was 10 years higher than that observed in Oneida Iroquois of Ontario. The rates of macrovascular disease among the diabetic subjects were higher than those found among Cree/Ojibwa in Ontario and Manitoba. Our findings add to the knowledge of non-insulin-dependent diabetes in North American Indians in Canada and show that there are differences between our Mohawk subjects and diabetic people of other native communities. 相似文献
48.
Single-Cell Multiomics: Multiple Measurements from Single Cells 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
49.
The ITS sequences of Acropora spp. are the shortest so far identified in
any metazoan and are among the shortest seen in eukaryotes; ITS1 was 70-80
bases, and ITS2 was 100-112 bases. The ITS sequences were also highly
variable, but base composition and secondary structure prediction indicate
that divergent sequence variants are unlikely to be pseudogenes. The
pattern of variation was unusual in several other respects: (1) two
distinct ITS2 types were detected in both A. hyacinthus and A. cytherea,
species known to hybridize in vitro with high success rates, and a putative
intermediate ITS2 form was also detected in A. cytherea; (2) A. valida was
found to contain highly (29%) diverged ITS1 variants; and (3) A.
longicyathus contained two distinct 5.8S rDNA types. These data are
consistent with a reticulate evolutionary history for the genus Acropora.
相似文献
50.