栽培番茄的塿土和黄绵土水分和温度变化规律

用土柱试验,研究了栽培樱桃番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum var.cerasiforme Alef.)的塿土和黄绵土水分运移和温度变化规律,水分运移模型选用土壤中水分分布的动力学模型,土壤温度、空气温湿度变化选用正弦曲线模型。结果表明:塿土在各个不同深度的平均含水量均高于黄绵土,塿土的入渗速率高于黄绵土,同一深度塿土温度高于黄绵土,土壤温度随着深度的增加具有明显的滞后性;黄绵土中樱桃番茄的水分利用效率大于塿土,空气温湿度、土壤温度和土壤含水量相互影响。水分运移模型在土壤浅层处可以得到很好的拟合效果,在拟合方程的变量范围内,根据时间可以较准确的确定樱桃番茄盛果期土壤浅层含水量,对于进一步提高农业干旱防御能力、有效制定节水灌溉计划、提高水分利用效率提供了理论依据。     

Honeysuckle-encoded atypical microRNA2911 directly targets influenza A viruses

Influenza A viruses (IAVs), particularly H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9, pose a substantial threat to public health worldwide. Here, we report that MIR2911, a honeysuckle (HS)-encoded atypical microRNA, directly targets IAVs with a broad spectrum. MIR2911 is highly stable in HS decoction, and continuous drinking or gavage feeding of HS decoction leads to a significant elevation of the MIR2911 level in mouse peripheral blood and lung. Bioinformatics prediction and a luciferase reporter assay showed that MIR2911 could target various IAVs, including H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9. Synthetic MIR2911 significantly inhibited H1N1-encoded PB2 and NS1 protein expression, but did not affect mutants in which the MIR2911-binding nucleotide sequences were altered. Synthetic MIR2911, extracted RNA from HS decoction and HS decoction all significantly inhibited H1N1 viral replication and rescued viral infection-induced mouse weight loss, but did not affect infection with a mutant virus in which the MIR2911-binding nucleotide sequences of PB2 and NS1 were altered. Importantly, the inhibitory effect of HS decoction on viral replication was abolished by an anti-MIR2911 antagomir, indicating that the physiological concentration of MIR2911 in HS decoction could directly and sufficiently suppress H1N1 viral replication. MIR2911 also inhibited H5N1 and H7N9 viral replication in vitro and in vivo. Strikingly, administration of MIR2911 or HS decoction dramatically reduced mouse mortality caused by H5N1 infection. Our results demonstrate that MIR2911 is the first active component identified in Traditional Chinese Medicine to directly target various IAVs and may represent a novel type of natural product that effectively suppresses viral infection.     

噬菌体抗体库技术的研究进展及应用

噬菌体抗体库技术是继噬菌体展示技术发展而来的一项基因抗体工程新技术。它可将含不同物种全部抗体可变区基因的基因库转化成展示在噬菌体表面的蛋白库,不仅使单克隆抗体的生产更方便、快速、高效地在体外进行,还开辟了单克隆抗体人源化的新途径,促进了人类单克隆抗体生产的发展。就近年来噬菌体抗体库技术的基因来源、发展关键及抗体应用的研究作一综述。     

Long‐term moderate nutrient inputs enhance autotrophy in a forested Mediterranean stream

1. The effects of long‐term nutrient addition at moderate levels were examined in the food web of a forested Mediterranean stream. Basal concentrations of N and P were increased twofold (to c. 750 μg N) and threefold (to c. 30 μg P) from ambient concentrations in an experimental reach. Variations in the abundance of microbes (bacteria and algae), meiofauna and macrofauna, microbial processing of organic matter (extracellular enzyme activities) and stoichiometry of biofilms and invertebrates were compared to an upstream control reach during 4 years of artificial nutrient enhancement. 2. Effects were faster in the bacterial compartment but more substantial in the algal compartment. Epilithic algal biomass doubled in the enriched section jointly triggered by nutrients and increased light irradiance in winter and early spring. Only a few animal groups reacted to the enrichment, including the meiofaunal Copepoda, linked to their high use of enriched FPOM, and macrofaunal grazers (Ancylus), which followed the large algal biomass increase. 3. The enrichment caused biofilm phosphatase activity to decrease, while activities related to the use of algal‐related materials (peptidase, β‐glucosidase) increased. Enzymatic activities related to the use of allochthonous organic matter showed only minor and episodic increases. 4. Changes in stoichiometric ratios were apparent in the epilithic compartment, but not in the sand sediment or in the FPOM. Increases in P content were delayed for 9 months in epilithic biofilms and for nearly 2 years in the case of N. 5. After 2 years of enrichment, the flatworm Schmidtea polychroa (predator), oligochaetes (detritivore) and tadpoles of Bufo bufo (grazer) showed higher per cent N. 6. Enrichment effects were produced in spite of flow cessations that occurred commonly in summer. The results show that forested streams subjected to sustained (though minor) nutrient enrichment changed aspects of their biological structure and metabolism and that changes were especially favoured by periods when light was not limiting.     

肌间隙移植明胶海绵获取成体干细胞

通过移植生物材料到小鼠体内而建立一种新的干细胞获取方法.移植明胶海绵到小鼠后肢的大腿内侧肌间隙,12天后分离明胶海绵中的迁移细胞.海绵来源干细胞形态、增殖能力、多向分化能力与骨髓源干细胞相似,但海绵中成纤维细胞集落形成单位的比例(82.2±10.6/105)远远高于骨髓中的比例(43.7±7.4/106)(P＜0.05...     

猪Nanog基因四环素诱导干扰载体的构建和鉴定

Nanog基因是在早期胚胎和干细胞等多能性细胞中特异表达的重要基因,但有关猪Nanog基因功能的相关研究甚少。四环素诱导干扰载体是一种可通过四环素等药物条件性诱导干扰目的基因的载体,尤其适用于在发育过程中起着关键作用的基因沉默。常规的四环素干扰系统为二元载体,与一元载体相比获得针对特定基因干扰的稳定细胞系所需周期更长。首先通过构建pGenesil 1.0-shRNA重组干扰载体,瞬时转染稳定过表达猪Nanog基因的猪胎儿成纤维细胞后通过Realtime-PCR筛选出干扰效率可达80%以上的干扰片段。之后将筛选得到的干扰片段插入到改造的一元四环素诱导干扰载体TREsilencer,对稳定表达猪Nanog基因的猪胎儿成纤维细胞进行了瞬时转染。实验分别通过光密度检测以及Realtime-PCR检测了不同浓度doxycycline的诱导效率和干扰效率。结果表明,所构建的四环素诱导干扰载体TREsilencer-shRNA5随着四环素浓度的增加,诱导Nanog基因的干扰效率增加,在处理浓度为1μg/ml时干扰效率可达70%以上,为后续得到可诱导的稳定干扰猪Nanog基因的细胞系和进一步研究猪Nanog基因功能奠定了基础。     

Tenuigenin Promotes Proliferation and Differentiation of Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells

The present study was to investigate the influence of tenuigenin, an active ingredient of Polygala tenuifolia Willd, on the proliferation and differentiation of hippocampal neural stem cells in vitro. Tenuigenin was added to a neurosphere culture and neurosphere growth was measured using MTT assay. The influence of tenuigenin on the proliferation of neural progenitors was examined by Clone forming assay and BrdU detection. In addition, the differentiation of neural stem cells was compared using immunocytochemistry for β III-tubulin and GFAP. The results showed that addition of tenuigenin to the neural stem cell medium increased the number of newly formed neurospheres. More neurons were also obtained when tenuigenin was added in the differentiation medium. These findings suggest that tenuigenin is involved in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of hippocampal neural stem cells. This result may be one of the underlying reasons for tenuigenin’s nootropic and anti-aging effects.     

Comparison of different normalization assumptions for analyses of DNA methylation data from the cancer genome

Nowadays, some researchers normalized DNA methylation arrays data in order to remove the technical artifacts introduced by experimental differences in sample preparation, array processing and other factors. However, other researchers analyzed DNA methylation arrays without performing data normalization considering that current normalizations for methylation data may distort real differences between normal and cancer samples because cancer genomes may be extensively subject to hypomethylation and the total amount of CpG methylation might differ substantially among samples. In this study, using eight datasets by Infinium HumanMethylation27 assay, we systemically analyzed the global distribution of DNA methylation changes in cancer compared to normal control and its effect on data normalization for selecting differentially methylated (DM) genes. We showed more differentially methylated (DM) genes could be found in the Quantile/Lowess-normalized data than in the non-normalized data. We found the DM genes additionally selected in the Quantile/Lowess-normalized data showed significantly consistent methylation states in another independent dataset for the same cancer, indicating these extra DM genes were effective biological signals related to the disease. These results suggested normalization can increase the power of detecting DM genes in the context of diagnostic markers which were usually characterized by relatively large effect sizes. Besides, we evaluated the reproducibility of DM discoveries for a particular cancer type, and we found most of the DM genes additionally detected in one dataset showed the same methylation directions in the other dataset for the same cancer type, indicating that these DM genes were effective biological signals in the other dataset. Furthermore, we showed that some DM genes detected from different studies for a particular cancer type were significantly reproducible at the functional level.     

A NEW SPECIES AND FOUR NEW RECORD SPECIES OF MIRIDAE FROM CHINA (HEMIVTERA, MIRIDAE)

记述了盲蝽科1新种,金毛束盲蝽Pilophorus fulvicomus sp.nov..报道了中国4新纪录种:印度蚁叶盲蝽Hallodapus indicus(Poppius,1911),九州蚁叶盲蝽Hallodapus kyushuensis Miyamoto,1966,贝克束盲蝽Pillphorus bakeri Schuh,1984和印支宽敖盲蝽Wygomiris indochinensis (Schuh,1984).提供了新种和新纪录种雄性生殖器特征图.模式标本保存于南开大学昆虫学研究所.     

Population differences in density and resource allocation of ornamental tail feathers in the barn swallow

Many organisms show well‐defined latitudinal clines in morphology, which appear to be caused by spatially varying natural selection, resulting in different optimal phenotypes in each location. Such spatial variability raises an interesting question, with different prospects for the action of sexual selection on characters that have a dual purpose, such as locomotion and sexual attraction. The outermost tail feathers of barn swallows (Hirundo rustica) represent one such character, and their evolution has been a classic model subject to intense debate. In the present study, we examined individuals from four European populations to analyze geographical variation in the length and mass of tail feathers in relation to body size and wing size. Tail feather length differed between sexes and populations, and such variation was a result of the effects of natural selection, acting through differences in body size and wing size, as well as the effects of sexual selection that favours longer tails. The extra enlargement of the tail promoted by sexual selection (i.e. beyond the natural selection optimum) could be achieved by increasing investment in ornaments, and by modifying feather structure to produce longer feathers of lower density. These two separate processes accounting for the production of longer and more costly tail feathers and less dense feathers, respectively, are consistent with the hypothesis that both Zahavian and Fisherian mechanisms may be involved in the evolution of the long tails of male barn swallows. We hypothesize that the strength of sexual selection increases with latitude because of the need for rapid mating as a result of the short duration of the breeding season at high latitudes. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 105 , 925–936.