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Bagrey MM Ngwira Phillimon Tambala A Maria Perez Cameron Bowie David H Molyneux 《Filaria journal》2007,6(1):1-7
Background
Papua New Guinea is the only endemic country in the Western Pacific Region that has not yet introduced a countrywide programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. However, on Misima Island in Milne Bay Province, government and private sectors have collaborated to implement a pilot elimination programme. Although interim evaluation indicated that the programme has been parasitologically successful, an appreciation that sustainable health gains depend on understanding and accommodating local beliefs prompted this qualitative study.Methods
We investigated Misima community members knowledge and attitudes about lymphatic filariasis and the elimination programme. A combination of focus groups and key informant interviews were used to explore participants perceptions of health; knowledge of the aetiology and symptoms of filariasis, elephantiasis and hydrocele; attitudes towards the disease and mass drug distribution; and the social structure and decision-making protocols within the villages.Results
Focus group discussions proved inferior to key informant interviews for gathering rich data. Study participants did not consider lymphatic filariasis ("pom") a major health problem but were generally positive about mass drug administration campaigns. A variety of conditions were frequently and incorrectly attributed to filariasis. Participants expressed the belief that individuals infected with filariasis always had visible manifestations of disease. A common misconception was that taking drugs during campaigns provided long-term immunity against disease. The role of mosquito vectors in transmission was not generally appreciated and certain clinical presentations, particularly hydrocele, were associated with supernatural forces. Multiple adverse events were associated with mass drug administration campaigns and most study participants mentioned community members who did not participate in campaigns.Conclusion
Important issues requiring educational intervention and elimination activity modification in the Misima region were identified during this study. Research outcomes should assist Papua New Guinea in developing and implementing a national elimination strategy and inform discussions regarding the appropriateness of current elimination strategies. 相似文献65.
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Mirjafari H Farragher TM Verstappen SM Yates A Bunn D Marshall T Lunt M Symmons DP Bruce IN 《Arthritis research & therapy》2011,13(5):R159
Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in patients with inflammatory polyarthritis (IP), especially in seropositive disease. In established rheumatoid arthritis (RA), insulin resistance (IR) is increased and associated with CVD. We investigated factors associated with IR in an inception cohort of patients with early IP. 相似文献67.
WT Steegenga NJ de Wit MV Boekschoten N Ijssennagger C Lute S Keshtkar MM Grootte Bromhaar E Kampman LC de Groot M Müller 《BMC medical genomics》2012,5(1):38
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: By regulating digestion and absorption of nutrients and providing a barrier against the external environment the intestine provides a crucial contribution to the maintenance of health. To what extent aging-related changes in the intestinal system contribute to the functional decline associated with aging is still under debate. METHODS: Young (4 M) and old (21 M) male C57BL/6 J mice were fed a control low-fat (10E%) or a high-fat diet (45E%) for 2 weeks. During the intervention gross energy intake and energy excretion in the feces were measured. After sacrifice the small and large intestine were isolated and the small intestine was divided in three equal parts. Swiss rolls were prepared of each of the isolated segments for histological analysis and the luminal content was isolated to examine alterations in the microflora with 16S rRNA Q-PCR. Furthermore, mucosal scrapings were isolated from each segment to determine differential gene expression by microarray analysis and global DNA methylation by pyrosequencing. RESULTS: Digestible energy intake was similar between the two age groups on both the control and the high-fat diet. Microarray analysis on RNA from intestinal scrapings showed no marked changes in expression of genes involved in metabolic processes. Decreased expression of Cubilin was observed in the intestine of 21-month-old mice, which might contribute to aging-induced vitamin B12 deficiency. Furthermore, microarray data analysis revealed enhanced expression of a large number of genes involved in immune response and inflammation in the colon, but not in the small intestine of the 21-month-old mice. Aging-induced global hypomethylation was observed in the colon and the distal part of the small intestine, but not in the first two sections of the small intestine. CONCLUSION: In 21-month old mice the most pronounced effects of aging were observed in the colon, whereas very few changes were observed in the small intestine. 相似文献
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Howe GT; Bucciaglia PA; Hackett WP; Furnier GR; Cordonnier-Pratt MM; Gardner G 《Molecular biology and evolution》1998,15(2):160-175
The phytochrome photoreceptors play important roles in the photoperiodic
control of vegetative bud set, growth cessation, dormancy induction, and
cold-hardiness in trees. Interestingly, ecotypic differences in
photoperiodic responses are observed in many temperate- zone tree species.
Northern and southern ecotypes of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa
Torr. & Gray), for example, exhibit marked differences in the timing of
short-day-induced bud set and growth cessation, and these responses are
controlled by phytochrome. Therefore, as a first step toward determining
the molecular genetic basis of photoperiodic ecotypes in trees, we
characterized the phytochrome gene (PHY) family in black cottonwood. We
recovered fragments of one PHYA and two PHYB using PCR-based cloning and by
screening a genomic library. Results from Southern analyses confirmed that
black cottonwood has one PHYA locus and two PHYB loci, which we arbitrarily
designated PHYB1 and PHYB2. Phylogenetic analyses which included PHY from
black cottonwood, Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
suggest that the PHYB/D duplications in these species occurred
independently. When Southern blots were probed with PHYC, PHYE, and PHYE
heterologous probes, the strongest bands that we detected were those of
black cottonwood PHYA and/or PHYB. These results suggest that black
cottonwood lacks members of the PHYC/F and PHYE subfamilies. Although black
cottonwood could contain additional PHY that are distantly related to known
angiosperm PHY, our results imply that the PHY family of black cottonwood
is less complex than that of other well-characterized dicot species such as
Arabidopsis and tomato. Based on Southern analyses of five black cottonwood
genotypes representing three photoperiodic ecotypes, substantial
polymorphism was detected for at least one of the PHYB loci but not for the
PHYA locus. The novel character of the PHY family in black cottonwood, as
well as the differences in polymorphism we observed between the PHYA and
PHYB subfamilies, indicates that a number of fundamental macro- and
microevolutionary questions remain to be answered about the PHY family in
dicots.
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