全文获取类型
收费全文 | 281篇 |
免费 | 8篇 |
专业分类
289篇 |
出版年
2017年 | 3篇 |
2016年 | 4篇 |
2015年 | 2篇 |
2014年 | 3篇 |
2013年 | 8篇 |
2012年 | 6篇 |
2011年 | 8篇 |
2010年 | 8篇 |
2009年 | 17篇 |
2008年 | 9篇 |
2007年 | 7篇 |
2006年 | 5篇 |
2005年 | 4篇 |
2004年 | 6篇 |
2003年 | 3篇 |
2001年 | 4篇 |
1999年 | 4篇 |
1998年 | 4篇 |
1997年 | 7篇 |
1995年 | 4篇 |
1994年 | 6篇 |
1993年 | 3篇 |
1992年 | 4篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 2篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 6篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 4篇 |
1971年 | 2篇 |
1966年 | 1篇 |
1959年 | 8篇 |
1958年 | 13篇 |
1957年 | 16篇 |
1956年 | 16篇 |
1955年 | 9篇 |
1954年 | 10篇 |
1953年 | 13篇 |
1952年 | 6篇 |
1951年 | 9篇 |
1950年 | 4篇 |
1949年 | 1篇 |
1948年 | 1篇 |
1943年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有289条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
11.
CHRISTINE CHEVILLON GLORIA ADDIS MICHEL RAYMOND ANNALISA MARCHI 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1995,55(4):329-343
The mosquito Culex pipiens is subjected to organophosphate treatments in both Corsica and southern Sardinia, but the resistance gene A2-B2, which is currently in a worldwide expansion, has only reached Sardinia. In order to understand this situation, the genetic structure of populations sampled in Sardinia and Corsica was assessed using 15 isozymes. Two loci (HK1 and HK2) were not taken into account because of the possibility of selection. For trie other loci, statistical independence was not rejected for all possible pairs, and no deviation from Hardy-Weinberg expectations was apparent. Low but significant genie differentiation was present between Corsica and Sardinia, as well as between northern and southern Sardinia, despite a large number of effective migrants per generation. These results are discussed in the context of the high probability of extinction/recolonization of breeding sites, the flight migration ability of this mosquito, and the pleiotropic cost of insecticide resistances genes. It is concluded that A2-B2 resistance is unlikely to reach Corsica from southern Sardinia, unless accidental human transportation occurs. 相似文献
12.
FRANCOISE GUERRINI CENDRINE SEGUR DIDIER GARGANI MICHEL TIBAYRENC MICHEL DOLLET 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》1992,39(4):516-521
ABSTRACT We studied 31 Phytomonas stocks isolated from various hosts and a broad geographical range by isoenzyme electrophoresis (14 loci) and population genetics analysis. The total variability is considerable since many stocks share no allele. Population genetic analysis strongly suggests that Phytomonas zymodemes behave as natural clones, as already proposed by us for several other protozoan species. These clones should be considered as actual taxa in all applied studies. Latex plants and phloemic plants (coconut and palm trees) harbor distinct sets of clones; hence, latex plants studied in this article are probably not a reservoir for parasites of the coconut and palm tree. 相似文献
13.
DIDIER FOURGON IGOR EECKHAUT DEVARAJEN VAÏTILINGON MICHEL JANGOUX 《Invertebrate reproduction & development.》2013,57(3):155-165
Summary The larval development of the ophiocomid ophiuroid Ophiomastix venosais described using SEM. The gastrula transforms into a uniformly ciliated early larva which progressively changes into a lecithotrophic late premetamorphic larva with a continuous bilateral ciliated band. This stage is short-lived and equivalent to a highly reduced ophiopluteus. Comparisons between O. venosa and other ophiuroid species whose development has been investigated suggest that, whatever the developmental mode (lecithotrophic or planktotrophic), a pluteus stage always occurs in ophiuroids with planktonic development. Two metamorphic stages were identified, the late metamorphic larva differing from the early one by the closure of the larval mouth. The appearance of the permanent mouth marks the end of the metamorphosis. The postlarva still possesses remnants of larval features. The transformation of the reduced ophiopluteus into a barrel-shaped metamorphic larva with transverse ciliated bands, a vitellaria larva, is followed. The possible occurrence of a unique type of metamorphic larva in non-brooding ophiuroids is discussed. Verification of this, however, needs further SEM investigations on metamorphic larva from species having “regular” planktotrophic development. 相似文献
14.
NICOLAS HARMEL RAKI ALMOHAMAD MARIE-LAURE FAUCONNIER PATRICK DU JARDIN FRANCOIS VERHEGGEN MICHEL MARLIER ERIC HAUBRUGE FREDERIC FRANCIS 《Insect Science》2007,14(1):57-63
To cope with pathogen and insect attacks, plants develop different mechanisms of defence, in both direct (physical and chemical) and indirect ways (attractive volatiles to entomophagous beneficials). Plants are then able to express traits that facilitate "top-down" control of pests by attracting herbivore predators. Here we investigate the indirect defence mechanism of potato plants by analyzing the volatile patterns of both healthy and aphid- infested plants. Important changes in the emitted terpene pattern by the Myzus persicae infested host plant were observed. Using Solid Phase MicroExtraction (SPME) and GC-MS, the (E)-fl-farnesene (EBF) appeared to be emitted by aphid-infested potato and not by healthy plants. To assess the infochemical role of these volatile releases after aphid damage on the aphidophagous predators Episyrphus balteams, the hoverfly foraging behavior was assessed using the Observer 5.0 software (Noldus, Wageningen, The Netherlands). Aphidfree potato plants were also used as a control volatile source in the predator behavioral study. While aphid-infested plants induced efficient searching and acceptation behaviors leading to egg-laying, no kairomonal effect of healthy potato plants was observed, leading to longer immobility durations and shorter searching periods in the net cage. High oviposition rate of E. balteatus was observed when aphid-infested potato was used (mean of 48.9 eggs per laying and per female). On the other hand, no egg was produced by the hoverfly on healthy aphid-free plants. The E. balteatus foraging and reproductive behaviors according to the volatile emission from aphid-infested plants are discussed in relation to the potential use of active infochemical molecules in integrated aphid pest management. 相似文献
15.
We report a study in which we estimate by means of non-equilibriumprocesses the value of an effective partition coefficient, x,a parameter that we use to take into account the non-ideal behaviourof the electrolyte of the external medium in the cell wall space.This parameter is defined by the ratio of the salt partitioncoefficient to the activity of the non-diffusing charges. Tothat purpose, concentration potential in NaCl, LiCI and CuCl2solutions was measured across an isolated cell wall of Nitellaflexilis at different pH. No significant difference appearedbetween the potential values measured in the presence of NaClor LiCl (pH 5.5, 4.0 and 3.0). At pH 3.0, in CuCl2 solutions,the Nitella wall behaved as an uncharged membrane. Two methodshigh concentrations and least-squares approximation-wereused to calculate from these results the value of the effectivepartition coefficient. Both gave similar values of x At a givenpH, the values of x are independent of the concentration ofthe external medium over a large range of concentration ratios.The activity of the exchange sites was estimated by the experimentallydetermined fraction of absorbed monovalent cations. The ionicconcentrations in the wall space were calculated at pH 5.5 and3.0 by introducing the values of x in the relations which correlatethem to the ionic concentrations in the wall for that givenvalue of the activity of the carboxylate sites. From their values,it appears that the negative fixed charges of the wall werefunctionally shaded by the condensation of a part of the adsorbedmonovalent cations. The activity of the former was, therefore,reduced to a value considerably lower than that estimated bythe cationic exchange capacity during equilibrium processes. Key words: Nitella flexilis (L.) Ag., cell wall, concentration potential, partition coefficient, ion condensation 相似文献
16.
The very diverse social systems of sweat bees make them interesting models to study social evolution. Here we focus on the dispersal behaviour and social organization of Halictus scabiosae , a common yet poorly known species of Europe. By combining field observations and genetic data, we show that females have multiple reproductive strategies, which generates a large diversity in the social structure of nests. A detailed microsatellite analysis of 60 nests revealed that 55% of the nests contained the offspring of a single female, whereas the rest had more complex social structures, with three clear cases of multiple females reproducing in the same nest and frequent occurrence of unrelated individuals. Drifting among nests was surprisingly common, as 16% of the 122 nests in the overall sample and 44% of the nests with complex social structure contained females that had genotypes consistent with being full-sisters of females sampled in other nests of the population. Drifters originated from nests with an above-average productivity and were unrelated to their nestmates, suggesting that drifting might be a strategy to avoid competition among related females. The sex-specific comparison of genetic differentiation indicated that dispersal was male-biased, which would reinforce local resource competition among females. The pattern of genetic differentiation among populations was consistent with a dynamic process of patch colonization and extinction, as expected from the unstable, anthropogenic habitat of this species. Overall, our data show that H. scabiosae varies greatly in dispersal behaviour and social organization. The surprisingly high frequency of drifters echoes recent findings in wasps and bees, calling for further investigation of the adaptive basis of drifting in the social insects. 相似文献
17.
GWNAELLE GUEGUEN FABRICE VAVRE OLIVIER GNANKINE MICHEL PETERSCHMITT DELPHINE CHARIF ELAD CHIEL YUVAL GOTTLIEB MURAD GHANIM EINAT ZCHORI‐FEIN FRDRIC FLEURY 《Molecular ecology》2010,19(19):4365-4376
Bemisia tabaci, an invasive pest that causes crop damage worldwide, is a highly differentiated species complex, divided into biotypes that have mainly been defined based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Although endosymbionts can potentially induce population differentiation, specialization and indirect selection on mtDNA, studies have largely ignored these influential passengers in B. tabaci, despite as many as seven bacterial endosymbionts have been identified. Here, we investigate the composition of the whole bacterial community in worldwide populations of B. tabaci, together with host genetic differentiation, focusing on the invasive B and Q biotypes. Among 653 individuals studied, more than 95% of them harbour at least one secondary endosymbiont, and multiple infections are very common. In addition, sequence analyses reveal a very high diversity of facultative endosymbionts in B. tabaci, with some bacterial genus being represented by more than one strain. In the B and Q biotypes, nine different strains of bacteria have been identified. The mtDNA‐based phylogeny of B. tabaci also reveals a very high nucleotide diversity that partitions the two ITS clades (B and Q) into six CO1 genetic groups. Each genetic group is in linkage disequilibrium with a specific combination of endosymbionts. All together, our results demonstrate the rapid dynamics of the bacterial endosymbiont–host associations at a small evolutionary scale, questioning the role of endosymbiotic communities in the evolution of the Bemisia tabaci species complex and strengthening the need to develop a metacommunity theory of inherited endosymbionts. 相似文献
18.
Identification and functional characterization of the Arabidopsis Snf1‐related protein kinase SnRK2.4 phosphatidic acid‐binding domain
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Plant, cell & environment》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
MAGDALENA M. JULKOWSKA FIONN MCLOUGHLIN CARLOS S. GALVAN‐AMPUDIA JOHANNA M. RANKENBERG DOROTA KAWA MARIA KLIMECKA MICHEL A. HARING TEUN MUNNIK EDGAR E. KOOIJMAN CHRISTA TESTERINK 《Plant, cell & environment》2015,38(3):614-624
Phosphatidic acid (PA) is an important signalling lipid involved in various stress‐induced signalling cascades. Two SnRK2 protein kinases (SnRK2.4 and SnRK2.10), previously identified as PA‐binding proteins, are shown here to prefer binding to PA over other anionic phospholipids and to associate with cellular membranes in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis roots. A 42 amino acid sequence was identified as the primary PA‐binding domain (PABD) of SnRK2.4. Unlike the full‐length SnRK2.4, neither the PABD‐YFP fusion protein nor the SnRK2.10 re‐localized into punctate structures upon salt stress treatment, showing that additional domains of the SnRK2.4 protein are required for its re‐localization during salt stress. Within the PABD, five basic amino acids, conserved in class 1 SnRK2s, were found to be necessary for PA binding. Remarkably, plants overexpressing the PABD, but not a non‐PA‐binding mutant version, showed a severe reduction in root growth. Together, this study biochemically characterizes the PA–SnRK2.4 interaction and shows that functionality of the SnRK2.4 PABD affects root development. 相似文献
19.
MICHEL TUFFRAU 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》1954,1(3):183-186
A new sand-dwelling ciliate, Discotricha papillifera n.g., n.sp., is described and allocated to the trichostome family Trichopelmidae. The species seems to be one of the most highly differentiated members of the family. The peculiar type of its body ciliature and of its buccal structures suggests affinities with certain other major groups of ciliated protozoa; from an evolutionary point of view the organism appears to show close relationship to the gymnostome family Chlamydodontidae. 相似文献
20.