一株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌裂解性噬菌体的分离及生物学特性

【背景】嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌是一种广泛存在于医院和自然环境中的条件致病菌,其分离率与耐药率逐年增加。噬菌体是一类能特异性感染并杀灭细菌的病毒。【目的】分离一株新型嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌噬菌体,为临床嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌感染及防控提供补充手段。【方法】以临床分离的嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌为宿主菌,用点板法从医院污水中分离鉴定噬菌体;用双层平板法测定噬菌体效价及一步生长曲线等生物学特性;用透射电镜观察噬菌体形态;提取噬菌体基因组DNA进行全基因组测序,拼接噬菌体基因组并进行注释。【结果】分离到一株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌裂解性噬菌体,命名为v B＿Sma S＿P11。该噬菌体感染宿主菌的潜伏期小于5 min,快速增殖60 min后达到平稳期,暴发量为100 PFU/cell。透射电镜观察该噬菌体为长尾噬菌体,具有典型的二十面体头和不可收缩的尾部。基因组测序结果表明,该噬菌体基因组全长44 600 bp,GC含量为63.7%,无抗生素耐受基因、毒力基因和t RNA,与NCBI数据库中所有已知嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌噬菌体相比同源性很低。基因组注释显示该噬菌体含有66个开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),其...     

Elevated CO2 and temperature alter nitrogen allocation in Douglas-fir

The effects of elevated CO₂ and temperature on principal carbon constituents (PCC) and C and N allocation between needle, woody (stem and branches) and root tissue of Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco seedlings were determined. The seedlings were grown in sun‐lit controlled‐environment chambers that contained a native soil. Chambers were controlled to reproduce ambient or ambient +180 ppm CO₂ and either ambient temperature or ambient +3.5 °C for 4 years. There were no significant CO₂ × temperature interactions; consequently the data are presented for the CO₂ and temperature effects. At the final harvest, elevated CO₂ decreased the nonpolar fraction of the PCC and increased the polar fraction and amount of sugars in the needles. In contrast, elevated temperature increased the nonpolar fraction of the PCC and decreased sugars in needles. There were no CO₂ or temperature effects on the PCC fractions in the woody tissue or root tissue. Elevated CO₂ and temperature had no significant effects on the C content of any of the plant tissues or fractions. In contrast, the foliar N content declined under elevated CO₂ and increased under elevated temperature; there were no significant effects in other tissues. The changes in the foliar N concentrations were in the cellulose and lignin fractions, the fractions, which contain protein, and are the consequences of changes in N allocation under the treatments. These results indicate reallocation of N among plant organs to optimize C assimilation, which is mediated via changes in the selectivity of Rubisco and carbohydrate modulation of gene expression.     

生物学专业动物学实验教学中培养学生解剖技能的探索

动物解剖实验在动物学实验教学中占有重要地位,学生的解剖技能是做好动物解剖实验的基础,也是学生以后从事科学研究和教学的基本素质.结合动物学实验教学实践阐述了动物解剖的基本原则及培养学生解剖技能的方法,以便学生系统理解动物解剖的基本原则和方法.     

粪肠球菌噬菌体vB_E. faecalis_IME196的生物学特性及其全基因组分析

【目的】从医院污水中分离一株能裂解多耐药粪肠球菌的噬菌体,分析该噬菌体的生物学特性,并进行全基因组测序和分析,为治疗和控制多耐药粪肠球菌感染提供基础。【方法】以耐药粪肠球菌为宿主,从医院污水分离噬菌体,双层平板法检测噬菌体效价、最佳感染复数(MOI)和一步生长曲线,纯化后负染法电镜观察噬菌体形态;蛋白酶K/SDS法提取噬菌体全基因组,酶切处理后琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析,使用Ion Torrent测序平台进行噬菌体全基因组测序,测序后进行噬菌体全基因组序列组装、注释、进化分析和比较分析。【结果】分离到一株粪肠球菌噬菌体,命名为v B_E.faecalis_IME196(IME196);其最佳感染复数为0.01,一步生长曲线显示IME196的潜伏期为30 min,暴发量为50 PFU,电镜观察该噬菌体为长尾噬菌体,结合BLASTp分析确定其属于尾病毒目长尾噬菌体科,基因测序表明,噬菌体IME196核酸类型为DNA,基因组全长为38 895 bp,G+C含量为33.9%。【结论】分离鉴定一株粪肠球菌噬菌体,进行了全基因组测序和分析,为以后预防和控制粪肠球菌的感染提供了一个新的途径,为噬菌体治疗多重耐药细菌奠定了基础。     

乙型脑炎疫苗制偏方法的研究 I．制偏疫苗所用的稀释液和部分除去鼠脑组织对疫苗效价及其保存时间的影响

(一)乙型脑炎疫苗在用每分钟2,000转的速度沉澱20分钟後,疫苗中的总氮含量此较不沉澱的减少50％以上,但是疫苗的效价不论在其制成时或在保存一年的各时期 内,都没有比不沉澱的低。 (二)用含有5％的乳醣和一些鹽灰的溶液裂偏的疫苗的免疫效僵在各保存时期内都比用普通的生理鹽水制偏的疫苗为高,而且比较稳定。 (三)本文同时讨论了福尔马林的使用量和疫苗中蛋白質的含量的关系。     

可持续生计框架下连片特困区发展机理——以宁夏限制开发生态区为例

生计资本与农户收支有着密切关系,决定农户的生计策略,影响区域的发展机理与发展模式.基于参与式农村评估和数理统计方法,分民族、地形、农户类型对宁夏限制开发生态区农户生计资本与农户收支状况进行定量评估,创建农户非农性指数,揭示生计资本与农户收支和非农性指数的关系,结合研究区实际对农户可持续生计进行研究,探讨区域发展机理.结果表明: 研究区农户生计资本量整体偏低,其中,回族略高于汉族、川道农户高于山地农户、兼业户和非农业户显著高于农业户;区域发展与非农性指数和人力、物质等资本显著正相关,与自然资本显著负相关,需着力提升农户的非农性指数和人力、物质等资本量,同时引导农户对农业生产资料进行流转,促进自然资本两极分化.     

The discovery of plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling—a personal perspective

DNA and machinery for gene expression have been discovered in chloroplasts during the 1960s. It was soon evident that the chloroplast genome is relatively small, that most genes for chloroplast-localized proteins reside in the nucleus and that chloroplast membranes, ribosomes, and protein complexes are composed of proteins encoded in both the chloroplast and the nuclear genome. This situation has made the existence of mechanisms highly probable that coordinate the gene expression in plastids and nucleus. In the 1970s, the first evidence for plastid signals controlling nuclear gene expression was provided by studies on plastid ribosome deficient mutants with reduced amounts and/or activities of nuclear-encoded chloroplast proteins including the small subunit of Rubisco, ferredoxin NADP+ reductase, and enzymes of the Calvin cycle. This review describes first models of plastid-to-nucleus signaling and their discovery. Today, many plastid signals are known. They do not only balance gene expression in chloroplasts and nucleus during developmental processes but are also generated in response to environmental changes sensed by the organelles.     

Insecticide susceptibility and resistance of Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae collected from Gwangju,Republic of Korea

The susceptibility of Culex tritaeniorhynchus collected from Gwangju, Jeollabuk Province, Republic of Korea (ROK) to insecticides was evaluated under laboratory conditions using ten insecticides (7 pyrethroids and 3 organophosphates) that are currently applied by local public health centers in the ROK. Based on the values of median lethal concentration (LC₅₀), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus larvae were most susceptible to chlorpyrifos (0.006 ppm), fenitrothion (0.022 ppm), fenthion (0.035 ppm) and bifenthrin (0.038 ppm), and were least susceptible to esbiol (1.722 ppm). In comparative resistance tests, the resistance ratios (RRs) of seven insecticides were compared among each other using two strains of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus that were collected from the same locality during 1992 and 2010. Culex tritaeniorhynchus demonstrated significantly increased RRs to pyrethroids over time, while demonstrating decreased RRs among the organophosphates. Among the pyrethroids, permethrin had the highest RR values of 182.1‐ and 833.3‐fold differences, followed by etofenprox with RRs of 138.4‐ and 224.1‐fold differences in values of LC₅₀ and concentration that produced 90% mortality (LC₉₀), respectively. Culex tritaeniorhynchus strains demonstrated the least amount of change in susceptibility to the organophosphates, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion and fenthion with 0.020‐, 0.019‐ and 0.001‐fold differences in resistance ratios (RRLC₅₀), respectively.