Tunable Nanoporous Network Polymer Nanocomposites having Size‐Selective Ion Transfer for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Nanoporous network polymer nanocomposites with tunable pore size for size‐dependent selective ion transport are successfully prepared via the surface‐induced cross‐linking polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) on the surfaces of nanocrystalline TiO₂ particles. The morphologies of the porous network polymer layer and nanopores were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) experiments. The porous layer size‐selectively screened the ions that contacted the nanocrystalline TiO₂ particles, as demonstrated by ion conductivity measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS).     

Efficient,Cyanine Dye Based Bilayer Solar Cells

Simple bilayer solar cells, using commercially available cationic cyanine dyes as donors and evaporated C₆₀ layer as an acceptor are prepared. Cyanine dyes with absorption maxima of 578, 615 and 697 nm having either perchlorate or hexafluorophosphate counter‐ions are evaluated. The perchlorate dye leads to cells with S‐shape current‐voltage curves; only the dyes with the hexafluorophosphate counter‐ions lead to efficient solar cells. When the wide bandgap dyes are employed, S‐shape current‐voltage curves are obtained when the conductive polymer PEDOT:PSS is used as hole transport layer. Substitution of PEDOT:PSS with MoO₃ leads to cells with more rectangular current–voltage curves and high fill factors. Additionally, the cells using the MoO₃ layer for hole extraction lead to high open circuit voltages of 0.9 V. In the case that a low bandgap hexafluorophosphate dye is used with the HOMO above that of the PEDOT:PSS the cell performance is independent on the type of hole transport layer employed. Using this approach, bilayer solar cells are obtained with power efficiencies ranging from 1.8 to 2.9% depending on the particular dye employed. These are impressive numbers for bilayer solar cell that are partially solution processed in ambient conditions.     

The Effects of Catalyst Layer Deposition Methodology on Electrode Performance

The catalyst layer of the cathode is arguably the most critical component of low‐temperature fuel cells and carbon dioxide (CO₂) electrolysis cells because their performance is typically limited by slow oxygen (O₂) and CO₂ reduction kinetics. While significant efforts have focused on developing cathode catalysts with improved activity and stability, fewer efforts have focused on engineering the catalyst layer structure to maximize catalyst utilization and overall electrode and system performance. Here, we study the performance of cathodes for O₂ reduction and CO₂ reduction as a function of three common catalyst layer preparation methods: hand‐painting, air‐brushing, and screen‐printing. We employed ex‐situ X‐ray micro‐computed tomography (MicroCT) to visualize the catalyst layer structure and established data processing procedures to quantify catalyst uniformity. By coupling structural analysis with in‐situ electrochemical characterization, we directly correlate variation in catalyst layer morphology to electrode performance. MicroCT and SEM analyses indicate that, as expected, more uniform catalyst distribution and less particle agglomeration, lead to better performance. Most importantly, the analyses reported here allow for the observed differences over a large geometric volume as a function of preparation methods to be quantified and explained for the first time. Depositing catalyst layers via a fully‐automated air‐brushing method led to a 56% improvement in fuel cell performance and a significant reduction in electrode‐to‐electrode variability. Furthermore, air‐brushing catalyst layers for CO₂ reduction led to a 3‐fold increase in partial CO current density and enhanced product selectivity (94% CO) at similar cathode potential but a 10‐fold decrease in catalyst loading as compared to previous reports.     

Si‐Encapsulating Hollow Carbon Electrodes via Electroless Etching for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Remarkable improvements in the electrochemical performance of Si materials for Li‐ion batteries have been recently achieved, but the inherent volume change of Si still induces electrode expansion and external cell deformation. Here, the void structure in Si‐encapsulating hollow carbons is optimized in order to minimize the volume expansion of Si‐based anodes and improve electrochemical performance. When compared to chemical etching, the hollow structure is achieved via electroless etching is more advanced due to the improved electrical contact between carbon and Si. Despite the very thick electrodes (30 ～ 40 μm), this results in better cycle and rate performances including little capacity fading over 50 cycles and 1100 mA h g^?1 at 2C rate. Also, an in situ dilatometer technique is used to perform a comprehensive study of electrode thickness change, and Si‐encapsulating hollow carbon mitigates the volume change of electrodes by adoption of void space, resulting in a small volume increase of 18% after full lithiation corresponding with a reversible capacity of about 2000 mA h g^?1.     

伊曲康唑和羟基伊曲康唑体外抗菌活性比较

目的了解伊曲康唑和羟基伊曲康唑对临床常见深部感染真菌的体外敏感性,并对两者抗菌活性进行比较分析。方法酵母菌分离自血液和无菌体液标本,曲霉菌分离自气管插管吸取物、支气管肺泡灌洗液和保护性毛刷;酵母菌采用显色培养基和API 20C鉴定到种,曲霉菌用乳酸酚棉兰压片镜检鉴定到种;微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏试验。结果全国10家医院共收集到338株真菌,包括念珠菌281株,曲霉菌37株,新生隐球菌18株和其他酵母菌2株。伊曲康唑(ITZ)对白念珠菌、热带念珠菌、近平滑念珠菌、克柔念珠菌的敏感率分别为83.8%,70.8%,78.6%,38.5%;50%以上克柔念珠菌为剂量依赖性敏感;伊曲康唑对光滑念珠菌敏感性较差;而对于新生隐球菌、黄曲霉和烟曲霉的MIC50/MIC90分别为0.5/0.5、1/1、1/1μg/mL;羟基伊曲康唑与伊曲康唑有相似的抗菌活性。结论伊曲康唑对大部分深部感染真菌的敏感性较好,光滑念珠菌对伊曲康唑耐药株增多;伊曲康唑主要代谢产物有体外抗菌活性。     

RNA干扰茄病镰刀菌ALP基因及其基因沉默菌株的制备

目的构建RNA干扰质粒载体抑制茄病镰刀菌碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶(ALP)基因,通过检测ALP的表达及酶活性变化筛选出基因沉默菌株。方法构建2个ALP的干扰载体,转化茄病镰刀菌孢子,获得ALP基因沉默菌株△ALP1、△ALP2,通过RT-PCR检测△ALP1、△ALP2的ALP基因mRNA变化,并通过蛋白琼脂廓清率培养基检测ALP酶活性变化,对所得菌株的毒力进行判断。结果 RNA干扰后所获基因沉默菌株中,ALP的mRNA表达量显著低于标准茄病镰刀菌株(F=184.67,P<0.01),其中ΔALP2抑制效果较好、酶活性显著低于标准菌株及△ALP1(q=5.276、5.463,P<0.01)。结论通过LiAc转化法对茄病镰刀菌ALP进行RNA干扰,可有效抑制茄病镰刀菌ALP的表达;ALP基因沉默茄病镰刀菌株的获取,为进行动物体内实验、深入研究ALP在茄病镰刀菌性角膜炎发病机制中的作用、探索新型治疗方法提供思路。     

地佐辛在神经外科术后镇痛的应用体会

目的：探讨地佐辛用于神经外科患者术后镇痛的效果和安全性。方法：将64例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级行神经外科手术患者随机分为两组,术后均以静脉自控镇痛（PCIA）,其中A组（34例）用地佐辛,B组（30例）用舒芬太尼,观察两组镇痛、镇静效果及不良反应。结果：术后4 h、8 h、12 h、24 h视觉模拟评分（VAS）和不良反应发生率A组明显低于B组（P〈0.05）,Ramsay评分明显高于B组（P〈0.05）。结论：地佐辛用于神经外科患者术后镇痛确切,不良反应少。