A survey of the ixodid ticks parasitising cattle in the Eastern Province of Zambia

The results of tick surveys carried out in the Eastern province of Zambia between December 1982 and February 1996 were principally in agreement with the findings of earlier surveys conducted during the period 1965–72. Boophilus decoloratus has almost been replaced by Boophilus microplus . Hyalomma truncatum was found in small numbers throughout the province and Hyalomma marginatum rufipes was only rarely encountered in collections made from cattle. Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi was largely confined to the southern part of the plateau and the valleys of the Zambezi tributaries. The main difference between the present survey and the previous one concerns the status of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus . This species is currently expanding its range in a westward direction, whereas it was virtually absent from the southern part of the province during the period 1965–72. The majority of specimens collected are morphologically intermediate between R. appendiculatus and the closely allied Rhipicephalus zambeziensis . The available evidence indicates that R. zambeziensis ( sensu stricto ) is absent from the province. The phenology of R. appendiculatus is aberrant in the province: at lower altitudes a second generation of adult ticks is recorded on the hosts at the start of the dry season.     

High-Resolution Polyacrylamide Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PGGE) of Isoenzymes from Five Naegleria Species

ABSTRACT. High-resolution polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (PGGE) was used to separate isoenzymes of 12 Naegleria strains: one N. australiensis , two N. lovaniensis , one N. jadini , two N. gruberi isolated from environmental samples, and six N. fowleri strains isolated from patients with primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. Of the eight enzymes studied, seven showed zymograms with interspecific variation that identified all the species tested. Although the six N. fowleri strains were biochemically the most homogeneous, they showed intraspecific isoenzyme variation that allowed them to be grouped into four zymodemes. The PGGE technique, which separates isoenzymes by their molecular shape, is both sensitive and economical. It offers an addition or an attractive alternative to isoelectric focusing which has commonly been used to aid species identification of Naegleria by separating isoenzymes by their isoelectric point.     

A study of the diapausing behaviour of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and R. zambeziensis under quasi-natural conditions in Zambia

Abstract. The diapausing behaviour of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus was studied under quasi-natural conditions in the Eastern Province of Zambia. Newly-moulted adults of ticks indigenous to the study area entered a behavioural diapause when exposed to daylengths below a critical photoperiod, provisionally a daylength between 11 h 20min and 11 h 45min. In the Eastern Province of Zambia the diapause was apparently not terminated by a long-day signal, but by a weakening of the photoperiodic maintenance of the diapause because of increasing age of the ticks. Adults of a reference stock indigenous to Kenya also entered a diapause when exposed to daylengths below the same threshold and maintained this diapause for the same length of time. Adults of a reference stock of Rhipicephalus zambeziensis indigenous to Zimbabwe did not enter a diapause when exposed to the same daylengths. The relevance of the findings is discussed in relation to the distributions of the two species.     

Conspicuousness of Dickerson's collared lizard (Crotaphytus dickersonae) through the eyes of conspecifics and predators

Selection should favour coloration in organisms that is more conspicuous to their own visual system than to those of their predators or prey. We tested this prediction in Dickerson's collared lizard ( Crotaphytus dickersonae ), a sexually dichromatic desert reptile that preys on insects and smaller lizard species, and which in turn is prey for birds and snakes. We modelled the spectral sensitivities of the lizards and their avian and snake predators, and compared the conspicuousness of the lizards' entire colour patterns with each class of viewers. Almost all comparisons involving females strongly supported our prediction for greater chromatic and brightness conspicuousness against local terrestrial visual backgrounds to their own modelled visual system than to those of avian and snake predators. Males, in contrast, exhibited far fewer cases of greater conspicuousness to their own visual system than to those of their predators. Our own perception of spectral similarity between blue C. dickersonae males and a local nonterrestrial visual background (i.e. the Sea of Cortéz) prompted a further investigation. We compared sea (and sky) radiance with dorsum radiance of C. dickersonae males and with males from two distantly-related Crotaphytus collaris populations in which males possess blue bodies. In all three visual models, C. dickersonae males exhibited significantly lower chromatic contrast with the sea (and sky) than did their noncoastal, blue-bodied congeners. Among potential explanations, the blue body coloration that is unique to male C. dickersonae may offset, if only slightly, the cost of visibility to predators (and to prey) through reduced contrast against the extensive, local, nonterrestrial blue backgrounds of the sea and sky.  © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2009, 97 , 749–765.     

El Niño,grazers and fisheries interact to greatly elevate extinction risk for Galapagos marine species

Comparisons between historical and recent ecological datasets indicate that shallow reef habitats across the central Galapagos Archipelago underwent major transformation at the time of the severe 1982/1983 El Niño warming event. Heavily grazed reefs with crustose coralline algae (‘urchin barrens’) replaced former macroalgal and coral habitats, resulting in large local and regional declines in biodiversity. Following recent threat assessment workshops, a total of five mammals, six birds, five reptiles, six fishes, one echinoderm, seven corals, six brown algae and nine red algae reported from coastal environments in Galapagos are now recognized as globally threatened. The 2008 International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List includes 43 of these species, while two additional species (Galapagos damsel Azurina eupalama and 24‐rayed sunstar Heliaster solaris) not seen for > 25 years also fulfil IUCN threatened species criteria. Two endemic species (Galapagos stringweed Bifurcaria galapagensis and the damselfish A. eupalama) are now regarded as probably extinct, while an additional six macroalgal species (Dictyota galapagensis, Spatoglossum schmittii, Desmarestia tropica, Phycodrina elegans, Gracilaria skottsbergii and Galaxaura barbata) and the seastar H. solaris are possibly extinct. The removal of large lobster and fish predators by artisanal fishing probably magnified impacts of the 1982/1983 El Niño through a cascade of indirect effects involving population expansion of grazing sea urchins. Marine protected areas with adequate enforcement are predicted to ameliorate but not eliminate ecosystem impacts caused by increasing thermal anomalies associated with El Niño and global climate change.     

Sex‐biased dispersal and high levels of gene flow among local populations in the argentine boa constrictor,Boa constrictor occidentalis

Abstract The knowledge of dispersal is essential to understand the ecology of any species, since population dynamics, spatial distribution and genetic structure are closely tied to patterns of movement. In this paper we estimate dispersal patterns in natural populations of the endangered snake Boa constrictor occidentalis (Serpentes, Boidae), using allozymes as genetic markers. Blood samples were obtained from a total of 120 adult individuals of nine localities from two areas, Sobremonte and Pocho, in Argentina. Only four out of a total of 24 loci were polymorphic: 6‐Pgdh‐1, Cat‐1, Ldh and Hp. The values of expected and observed mean heterozygosities, the percentage of polymorphic loci and mean number of alleles per locus for each population confirm the low levels of genetic variability in this snake. F_ST and N_em mean values were 0.0089 and 46.1 for Sobremonte and 0.0379 and 7.46 for Pocho, indicating important levels of gene flow. A comparison of F_ST between genders in both areas suggests a male‐biased dispersal, which could be explained by the characteristics of the mating system: males carry out an active mate search of receptive females, and philopatry could be selected in females due to the benefits of the familiarity with the natal area in the use of local resources.     

Global-scale analyses of chemical ecology and population genetics in the invasive Argentine ant

Ants are some of the most abundant and ecologically successful terrestrial organisms, and invasive ants rank among the most damaging invasive species. The Argentine ant is a particularly well-studied invader, in part because of the extreme social structure of introduced populations, known as unicoloniality. Unicolonial ants form geographically vast supercolonies, within which territorial behaviour and intraspecific aggression are absent. Because the extreme social structure of introduced populations arises from the widespread acceptance of conspecifics, understanding how this colonymate recognition occurs is key to explaining their success as invaders. Here, we present analyses of Argentine ant recognition cues (cuticular hydrocarbons) and population genetic characteristics from 25 sites across four continents and the Hawaiian Islands. By examining both hydrocarbon profiles and microsatellite genotypes in the same individual ants, we show that native and introduced populations differ in several respects. Both individual workers and groups of nestmates in the introduced range possess less diverse chemical profiles than ants in the native range. As previous studies have reported, we also find that introduced populations possess much lower levels of genetic diversity than populations in the native range. Interestingly, the largest supercolonies on several continents are strikingly similar to each other, suggesting that they arose from a shared introduction pathway. This high similarity suggests that these geographically far-flung ants may still recognize and accept each other as colonymates, thus representing distant nodes of a single, widely distributed supercolony. These findings shed light on the behaviour and sociality of these unicolonial invaders, and pose new questions about the history and origins of introduced populations.