冬季增温和减雪对黄土高原典型草原土壤养分和细菌群落组成的影响

冬季增温和积雪变化可改变土壤-微生物系统结构和功能。微生物作为陆地生态系统关键生物因子, 发挥着调控土壤养分循环的重要作用, 并对环境扰动, 特别是冬季气候变化十分敏感。开展半干旱区典型草原土壤养分和微生物特性对冬季气候变化的响应研究, 对预测未来气候变化情景下草地生态过程和功能变化意义重大。该研究以宁夏云雾山国家级自然保护区半干旱草原为研究对象, 于冬季布设增温、减雪、增温减雪互作及对照4种处理, 探究了黄土高原典型草原0-5 cm土层土壤养分、酶活性、土壤细菌群落组成对冬季温度和积雪变化的响应规律。结果表明: (1)冬季增温、减雪及互作均提高了0-5 cm土壤温度, 降低了土壤相对湿度, 但却显著增加了土壤冻融循环次数; (2)与对照相比, 不同处理整体上降低了微生物生物量及其多样性, 降低了土壤β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性, 增加了土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷及铵态氮含量, 硝态氮含量有所下降; (3)研究区土壤细菌以酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门、芽单胞菌门为主, 优势菌纲以酸杆菌纲、γ-变形杆菌纲、嗜热油菌纲及σ-变形菌纲为主。冗余分析显示, 速效磷含量对细菌群落构成影响最显著, 对群落变异的解释度为21.3%。总之, 冬季气候变化可通过影响土壤温湿度, 特别是冻融循环进而作用于土壤养分循环、酶活性和土壤细菌多样性变化, 这些结果对丰富和拓展气候变化对草地生态系统影响过程与机制的认识, 准确预测典型草原中长期动态变化具有重要意义。     

RGMb/DRAGON与BMP信号转导

RGMb/DRAGON为RGM家族成员之一,在许多组织和器官中存在并表达.最初它作为粘附分子在神经系统中调节轴突排斥被发现.近来研究发现,它还是BMP的辅助受体,与BMP配体和受体结合,通过调控BMP信号通路在繁殖、肾脏机能的维持以及免疫疾病等生理和病理条件下发挥重要作用.本文评述了RGMb的基因及蛋白结构特征、表达定位及其在神经系统中的作用,并重点介绍了其在BMP信号通路中的作用机制和生物学研究进展.     

胃食管反流病患者自我管理行为依从性及其影响因素调查

目的：调查分析胃食管反流病患者自我管理行为依从性情况及其影响因素。方法：选取2010年2月-2012年6月来我院就诊治疗的胃食管反流患者150例,利用自我行为管理量表、自我效能量表、焦虑自评量表（SAs）及抑郁自评量表（SDS）进行调查,并采用单因素分析及多因素分析法分析其影响因素。结果：所有150例患者的自我行为管理平均得分为37．12＋4．95分,处于中下游水平,其中治疗依从性较好而疾病知识认知方面较差;而从单因素及多因素分析中得知,胃食管反流病患者自我行为依从性的影响因素主要为自我效能、工作学习压力及文化程度（偏回顾系数=0．301、-2．264、1．403）。结论：胃食管返流病患者的自我管理行为依从性较差,这与其文化程度较低、工作学习压力较大有关,医务人员应指导患者减轻工作学习压力,改善生活方式以提高其自我管理行为依从性。     

布地奈德混悬液雾化吸入治疗小儿急性喉炎的临床观察

目的：观察布地奈德混悬液雾化吸入治疗小儿急性喉炎的临床疗效。方法：选择2010年6月~2012年12月我院收治的急性喉炎患儿67例为研究对象,并将其随机分为对照组和观察组,两组均给予相同的综合性治疗。在此基础上,对照组仅通过静脉给予地塞米松,观察组在地塞米松静脉给药的同时,加用布地奈德混悬液雾化吸入治疗。治疗后,观察和比较两组患儿的症状、体征缓解时间及住院时间。结果：观察组声音嘶哑、犬吠样咳嗽、喉喘呜、吸气性呼吸困难的缓解时间及住院时间均明显短于对照组,观察组雾化吸入布地奈德4h、24h时的临床疗效明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,两组均无不良反应的发生。结论：布地奈德混悬液雾化吸入治疗小儿急性喉炎起效快,病程短,方法简单,不良反应少。     

Potent Antitumor Activity Generated by a Novel Tumor Specific Cytotoxic T Cell

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignant neoplasms in the world and is the main cause of death in patients with liver cirrhosis. Surgical intervention is not suitable for majority of hepatocellular carcinoma. Investigation of the effective targeting to the tumor cells is essential for both primary tumors and metastases. Tumor specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been considered to be the attractive vehicles for delivering therapeutic agents toward various tumor diseases. This study was to explore the distribution pattern of CTL carrying the lentiviral vectors with the characteristic of adenoviral E1 gene under the control of the cell activation-dependent CD40 ligand promoter (Lenti/hCD40L/E1AB). Following transduction with adenoviral vectors containing chimeric type 5 and type 35 fiber proteins (Ad5/35-TRAIL), these CTLs produced infectious virus when exposed to HepG2 cells. We assessed the therapeutic ability of CTLs using MTT, Western blot and colony formation assay. The novel CTL harboring Lenti/hCD40L/E1AB and Ad5/35-TRAIL caused proliferation inhibition and significant apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. Thus, the novel CTL may be useful for the development of gene therapy approaches to hepatocellular carcinoma.     

不同地区田间草地贪夜蛾卵巢的结构和发育

【目的】探明田间草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda卵巢的发育状态及其变化,为草地贪夜蛾种群的发生和迁飞动态提供精准监测依据。【方法】采用雌性生殖系统解剖法,比较不同日龄和地区的田间草地贪夜蛾雌蛾卵巢的形态差异,分析卵巢成熟状态与雌蛾交配的关系。【结果】草地贪夜蛾雌蛾生殖系统包含卵巢、输卵管、交配囊、导精管、受精囊、附腺和产卵器。根据形态特征可以将田间草地贪夜蛾卵细胞分为卵黄发生前期、卵黄期和成熟期3个时期。田间雌蛾1日龄卵巢中发育最快的卵仅处于卵黄期中期,卵巢管柄为空;3日龄卵巢出现分化,一部分卵巢仍然和1日龄相似,另一部分卵巢中存在成熟卵;这种卵巢发育分化到羽化后11 d时仍然存在。云南江城、弥勒,广西田阳以及浙江瑞安和镇海等地的田间雌蛾,到死亡时分别有61.5%, 51.7%, 41.7%, 42.1%和35.5%卵巢发育不成熟。室内饲养第1代雌蛾中,有39.6%的个体到死亡时卵巢未发育成熟,和田间雌蛾比例相似。交配雌蛾卵巢可以是发育成熟和未成熟的,但是未成熟卵巢的比例仅为18.0%±5.0%。【结论】结果提示同一代次的田间草地贪夜蛾可能同时存在迁飞和非迁飞个体,其比例随地理位置和季节发生变化。本研究的结果在一定程度上解释了单纯依据化学农药难以防治草地贪夜蛾的原因,也为田间草地贪夜蛾的迁飞监测和绿色防控提供了一定依据。     

nC22矿物油及其与吡虫啉混用对柑橘木虱的室内毒力评价

【目的】室内评价nC22矿物油单独使用,以及与吡虫啉混用对柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri的毒力,并筛选nC22矿物油对吡虫啉防治柑橘木虱具有增效作用的混配比例,为矿物油防治柑橘木虱的应用提供科学依据。【方法】使用nC22矿物油以及阳性对照nC23和nC28矿物油,采用浸渍法和喷雾法分别检测矿物油对柑橘木虱卵和低龄若虫、高龄若虫、成虫的致死作用,以处理后第7天(卵)和第1天(若虫和成虫)的LC 50值评估毒力。将nC22矿物油与吡虫啉以不同配比混配,测定混配液对低龄若虫的毒力,使用交互测定法、共毒因子(co-toxicity factor,CTF)法和共毒系数(co-toxicity coefficient,CTC)法评价矿物油对吡虫啉的增效作用。【结果】单独使用时,nC22矿物油对卵的LC 50值低于nC23和nC28矿物油;对低龄若虫和高龄若虫的LC 50值与nC23矿物油相当,都低于nC28矿物油;对成虫的LC 50值与nC28矿物油相当,都低于nC23矿物油。与吡虫啉混用时,nC22矿物油与吡虫啉混配比例为3∶7,4∶6和7∶3时,矿物油对吡虫啉有增效作用:交互测定法中柑橘木虱低龄若虫的实际死亡率位于等效线的上方,CTF值分别为34.807,22.655和40.798,CTC值分别为187.410,183.876和222.936。3种混配液中7∶3的混配比例对吡虫啉的增效作用最强。【结论】nC22矿物油对柑橘木虱的毒力高于进口nC23矿物油及传统nC28矿物油,且以适当混配比例混用时nC22矿物油对吡虫啉具有显著增效作用,理论上可大幅减少化学杀虫剂的使用量,可进一步通过田间试验进行验证。     

Drought-induced H2O2 accumulation in subsidiary cells is involved in regulatory signaling of stomatal closure in maize leaves

Increasing H₂O₂ levels in guard cells in response to environmental stimuli are recently considered a general messenger involved in the signaling cascade for the induction of stomatal closure. But little is known as to whether subsidiary cells participate in the H₂O₂-mediated stomatal closure of grass plants. In the present study, 2-week-old seedlings of maize (Zea mays) were exposed to different degrees of soil water deficit for 3 weeks. The effects of soil water contents on leaf ABA and H₂O₂ levels and stomatal aperture were investigated using physiological, biochemical, and histochemical approaches. The results showed that even under well-watered conditions, significant amounts of H₂O₂ were observed in guard cells, whereas H₂O₂ concentrations in the subsidiary cells were negligible. Decreasing soil water contents led to a significant increase in leaf ABA levels associated with significantly enhanced O₂ ^? and H₂O₂ contents, consistent with reduced degrees of stomatal conductance and aperture. The significant increase in H₂O₂ appeared in both guard cells and subsidiary cells of the stomatal complex, and H₂O₂ levels increased with decreasing soil water contents. Drought-induced increase in the activity of antioxidative enzymes could not counteract the significant increase in H₂O₂ levels in guard cells and subsidiary cells. These results indicate that subsidiary cells participate in H₂O₂-mediated stomatal closure, and drought-induced H₂O₂ accumulation in subsidiary cells is involved in the signaling cascade regulating stomatal aperture of grass plants such as maize.     

Centrosome repositioning in T cells is biphasic and driven by microtubule end-on capture-shrinkage

T cells rapidly reposition their centrosome to the center of the immunological synapse (IS) to drive polarized secretion in the direction of the bound target cell. Using an optical trap for spatial and temporal control over target presentation, we show that centrosome repositioning in Jurkat T cells exhibited kinetically distinct polarization and docking phases and required calcium flux and signaling through both the T cell receptor and integrin to be robust. In “frustrated” conjugates where the centrosome is stuck behind the nucleus, the center of the IS invaginated dramatically to approach the centrosome. Consistently, imaging of microtubules during normal repositioning revealed a microtubule end-on capture-shrinkage mechanism operating at the center of the IS. In agreement with this mechanism, centrosome repositioning was impaired by inhibiting microtubule depolymerization or dynein. We conclude that dynein drives centrosome repositioning in T cells via microtubule end-on capture-shrinkage operating at the center of the IS and not cortical sliding at the IS periphery, as previously thought.