Larval growth, juvenile size and heterozygosity in laboratory reared mussels, Mytilus edulis

Studies with marine bivalve juveniles have shown a positive correlation between growth and allozyme multi-locus heterozygosity (MLH), and, in some cases, between larval growth and juvenile growth, but there has been little research on the relationship between allozyme heterozygosity and larval growth. Larvae of M. edulis from different mating systems (half-sib families with a single female, or a single male parent, a reciprocal cross of two malesxtwo females and two mass matings of 13x13 and 8x17 females and males, respectively) were reared in the laboratory and selected into fast and slow growing groups when about 10-30% were undergoing metamorphosis. Offspring were reared to the juvenile stage (>3.00 mm) and both groups of each mating were electrophoresed and genotyped at up to 12 allozyme loci. There was generally good agreement with Mendelian inheritance (half-sibs and reciprocal cross) or the Hardy-Weinberg model (mass matings). Null alleles were detected at the Odh and Lap loci but there was no evidence that null allele heterozygotes grew slower than other genotypes. Over all cohorts, juveniles from the fast growing larval group were not significantly larger, or smaller, than juveniles from the slow growing group which suggests that larval growth rate may be independent of juvenile growth rate. This observation agrees with some, but not all, earlier studies and has commercial relevance. Tests of heterozygosity and juvenile shell length indicated no association between average heterozygosity across all allozyme loci and the size of juveniles in any cohort regardless of the mating system used or their larval growth rate. The association between MLH and juvenile growth in bivalves is seldom detected in cohorts from a limited genetic background. The lack of an association between heterozygosity and size might therefore be expected in the half-sib and reciprocal cross cohorts, but not in the mass matings. The results argue against any significant association between heterozygosity and larval size in mussels.     

脾神经与脾脏免疫功能研究进展

脾脏是人体外周最大的免疫器官,其与细胞免疫以及体液免疫关系密切,对脾内及外周血内的免疫活性细胞的量和比例有重要的调节作用,近年来随着对脾脏免疫功能的研究愈来愈深入,尤其是神经对脾脏免疫的调控研究方面取得了较大进展.支配脾脏的神经主要是腹腔交感神经节后纤维,其既参与调节脾脏免疫功能,同时也受到免疫应答系统的影响,二者相互作用,共同完成脾脏功能.明确相互之间作用机制,对临床某些疾病发病机理以及治疗都有一定的指导意义.     

Plastid DNA sequence data help to clarify phylogenetic relationships and reticulate evolution in Lycoris (Amaryllidaceae)

The temperate East Asian genus Lycoris is a well known lineage of ornamental geophytes consisting of at least 20 species, some of which are thought to be of natural hybrid origin. Previous genetic studies have supported this hypothesis, but these have relied solely on the use of karyology and/or nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences. No plastid DNA data have been available to address interspecific relationships within Lycoris until now. In this study, 500 individuals from 29 populations representing 16 of the 20 published Lycoris spp. were sampled, and DNA sequences were generated for two plastid markers (trnS‐trnfM and trnC‐ycf6). From these data we inferred phylogenetic relationships among the sampled taxa at the species and population levels using concatenated phylogenetic methods. A well resolved and strongly supported phylogenetic reconstruction for Lycoris was obtained. Although the plastid DNA topology differs from that derived previously using ITS, both genomes produce trees that cluster Lycoris spp. into three clades. One of these, containing polyploid taxa such as L. albiflora, L. caldwellii, L. straminea and L. houdyshelii, shows strong evidence of reticulation, and we discuss the identity of potential parents of these allopolyploids. In contrast, we offer evidence that challenges the hypothesis that triploid individuals of L. radiata are the result of hybridization. Instead, they appear to be autotriploids that have arisen in more than one location. By comparing the phylogenetic results obtained using nuclear genomic data to those from the plastid genome, a much clearer picture of the role that hybridization and reticulation have played in the evolution of Lycoris is emerging. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176 , 115–126.     

台湾海峡夏秋季游泳动物资源分布及群落结构

根据夏季和秋季在台湾海峡进行的底拖网调查数据,分析了台湾海峡游泳动物资源密度指数分布及群落结构.结果表明,台湾海峡夏季平均资源密度指数高于秋季,分别为8.50和6.94kg·h^-1;夏秋季出现游泳动物种类分别为80种和91种,秋季丰富度、多样性、均匀度均高于夏季,夏秋季平均多样性指数分别为2.0466和2.3964;相对重要性指数IRI大于200的优势种夏季有5种,为带鱼、发光鲷、短尾大眼鲷、花斑蛇鲻、中国枪乌贼,秋季有6种,为带鱼、七星底灯鱼、刺鲳、中国枪乌贼、蓝圆_鲹、鹿斑鲾;夏季优势种的聚集强度比秋季强.     

戊型肝炎病毒ORF2编码多肽抗原的表达及其特性研究

迄今所发现的唯一的戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）中和表位定位于开放读码框架2（ORF2）编码蛋白的第578和第607氨基酸（aa）之间的区域。将对应此区域的基因片段通过一段柔性的甘氨酸铰链与乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）表面抗原（HBsAg）基因的3′端相连,构建成HBV/HEV融合基因。该融合基因在毕赤酵母细胞内的表达产物物为分子量约29kDa的融合蛋白,具有组装成嵌合病毒样颗粒（VLP）的能力。此嵌合VLP具有与HBsAgVLP相似的特性且保留了天然HBV/HEV双重抗原性。对此嵌合VLP特性的初步研究提示其可能具有HBV/HEV双价重组疫苗的潜在应用前景。     

重组腺相关病毒2型转导人外周血单核细胞来源树突状细胞的研究

To find out the infection efficiency of recombinant adeno-as sociated virus 2-mediated exogenou s genes in human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cells(D Cs),the process of transfection wa s investigated by FITC-labeled rAA V2,and observed under confocal mic roscope.Newly separated dendritic cells were tranfected by rAAV2-luc and rAAV2-GFP at different MOI,and transfection efficiency were detec ted by luminometer for rAAV2-luc a nd flow cytometry for rAAV2-GFP.Th e results were elucidated in four different assay systems:(1)60min w as needed for rAAV2 to bind on den dritic cells,and got into cells in the following 10min;(2)the express ion of luc could be detected at th e MOI as low as 1×10~5v.g/cell,and the expression plateau was reached by the MOI of 10~6～10~7v.g/cell,furt her increase of MOI had no functio n on expression level;(3)transgene expression was detected after 48h, and maintained a higher expression level from 96h to 240h after infec tion;(4)7days postinfection of rAA V2-GFP,5%～18% dendritic cells were GFP positive. These data suggest th at rAAV2 vector can efficiently in fect monocyte-derived dendritic ce lls and mediate exogenous gene exp ression,and that the application o f rAAV2 as vector may be useful fo r gene transfer to dendritic cells in ex vivo immunotherapy.     

两种标记方法对60mer寡核苷酸芯片背景信号影响的初步分析

研究两种不同的样本标记方法对人全基因组高密度60mer寡核苷酸芯片背景信号的影响。收集5对患病与健康人外周血单个核细胞,分别提取总RNA后,采用限制性显示技术（restriction display,RD）进行样本双色（Cy3/Cy5）荧光标记,与5张Agilent 60mer高密度（22K）Human 1B寡核苷酸芯片进行杂交。芯片全部杂交点分3组：基因探针组、阳性对照组和阴性对照组。阳性对照采用荧光标记寡核苷酸直接掺入法进行标记。对全部杂交信号点的Cy3和Cy5背景信号值,用SPSS软件进行数据转换、正态性检验、方差齐性检验、变异系数分析和重复数据的方差分析。数据分析结果显示,Cy3 标记的背景信号值均高于 Cy5标记的背景信号值。重复测量数据的方差分析表明,在Cy3 和Cy5标记中,两种不同标记方法间的背景信号值的差异极显著（PCy3＜0.01, PCy5＜0.01）,且RD标记点的背景信号平均值低于荧光标记寡核苷酸直接掺入标记法标记的阳性对照点。RD标记方法是一种有用的低背景信号的高密度长链寡核苷酸芯片样本标记方法。     

北长山岛森林乔木层碳储量及其影响因子

人工林是庙岛群岛典型的陆地生态系统的组成部分,对维护海岛地区生态环境具有重要作用。采用现有生物量相对生长方程和样地调查数据相结合的方法,以庙岛群岛中北长山岛为研究区,对海岛黑松纯林与黑松×刺槐混交林两种林型的碳储量进行了估算,并分析了土壤质地及其理化性质对海岛乔木层碳储量的影响。结果表明:黑松乔木层平均碳储量为84.00 t/hm²,接近于世界平均水平(86.00 t/hm²);黑松×刺槐混交林乔木层平均碳储量为29.60 t/hm²,高于山东省乔木层的平均碳储量(27.62 t/hm²)。应用因子分析法研究影响乔木层碳储量的主要因子,结果表明:土壤质地、pH值、含水量及含盐量是影响海岛乔木碳储量重要的影响因子。北长山岛土壤全氮、总磷、土壤有机质、碳氮比等其他理化性质对乔木层碳储量影响不是非常明显。     

菲菊头蝠回声定位信号特征及下丘神经元频率调谐

研究了菲菊头蝠自由飞行状态下的回声定位信号和下丘神经元的声反应特性。菲菊头蝠在自由飞行时发射的CF/FM型回声定位叫声含2-3个谐波,主频为105.3±1.7kHz,时程为39.5±9.6ms,脉冲间隔为73.9±16.0ms。在所记录到的159个下丘神经元中,E型(Echolocation)神经元为32.7%(52/159),其中CF1型(Constantfrequency)占11.3%(18/159),FM1型(Frequencymodulated)占20.1%(32/159),FM2型占1.3%(2/159);NE型(Nonecholocation)神经元的比例为67.3%(107/159)。这些神经元的最佳频率(Bestfrequency,BF)与记录深度之间存在线性关系(r=0.9471,P<0.01)。E型神经元的深度范围为349-1855(1027.5±351.6)μm,阈值范围为6-74(43.1±14.5)dBSPL,潜伏期范围为10.0-26.0(14.6±3.8)ms。NE型神经元的分别为93.0-1745.0(733.3±290.3)μm、2-70(36.5±23.8)dBSPL、5.0-23.0(13.5±3.7)ms。记录到的53个IC神经元的调谐曲线(Frequencytuningcurve,FTC)均为开放型,51个为单峰型,2个为双峰型。单峰型神经元中大部分为狭窄型(Q10dB>5),占70.6%(36/51),E型神经元全部为狭窄型,Q10dB为10.4±7.1(5.5-31.6),其中CF1型为18.3±11.2(5.5-31.6),FM1型为8.7±4.7(5.5-24.3),FM2型为6.9±0.3(6.7-7.1);NE型神经元既有宽阔型也有狭窄型,Q10dB为6.6±5.1(1.6-25.6)。两个双峰型FTC主、副峰分别偏向高、低频区,高频边对应的是E型神经元。