Nitrogen fertigation of greenhouse-grown cucumber

Summary This greenhouse study investigated the response of trickle-irrigated cucumber (Cucumis sativa cv. ‘Petita’) to three N levels applied with every irrigation via the irrigation stream. The plants were grown in pots filled with 12 kg of soil. Water containing 5.8, 11.8, or 17.8 mmol N/l, and uniformly supplied with 2.0 and 3.9 mmol/l of P and K, respectively, was applied two to three times daily. In all treatments of 0.3 leaching fraction was allowed. The resulting total N applications were 15.7, 31., and 47.2 g N/plant. The total amount of water applied was 1851/plant. Total N and NO₃-N, in lajinae and petioles, increased with increasing N level whereas P and K in generated decreased. Although different NO₃/NH₄ ratios in the treatments may have influeced the response to N, it could be concluded that the highest yield was obtained with 11.8 mmol N/1 due to increased number of fruit. In the root volume of this treatment the NO₃-N concentration in the soil solution was aroun 7 mmol/1 for most of the growing season. The dry matter concentration of fruits was not affected by the N levels. It was concluded that 11.8 mmol N/1 applied with every irrigation via the irrigation stream is adequate to cover the needs of greenhous-grown cucumber for higher yield (9.42 kg/plant over a harvesting period of 93 days).     

Changes in the ultrastructure of the adrenal medulla and cortex during endotoxic shock

Electron microscopy of the adrenal medulla and cortex during the intermediate period of endotoxin shock has revealed severe destructive changes in parenchymal cells. These changes are the reason for synthetic, secretory and trophic disturbances of glandular functions. Ultrastructural lesions indicate that stress exposure exceeds the adaptive capacity of cells, the majority of which are exhausted and killed.     

Osteoarthritis of the hip: an occupational disease in farmers.

OBJECTIVE--To test the hypothesis that farmers are at high risk of hip osteoarthritis and to investigate possible causes for such a hazard. DESIGN--Cross sectional survey. SETTING--Five rural general practices. SUBJECTS--167 male farmers aged 60-76 and 83 controls from mainly sedentary jobs. All those without previous hip replacement underwent radiography of the hip. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Hip replacement for osteoarthritis or radiological evidence of hip osteoarthritis. RESULTS--Prevalence of hip osteoarthritis was higher in farmers than controls and especially in those who had farmed for over 10 years (odds ratio 9.3, 95% confidence interval 1.9 to 44.5). The excess could not be attributed to any one type of farming, and heavy lifting seems the likely explanation. CONCLUSIONS--Manual handling in agriculture should be limited where possible. Consideration should be given to making hip osteoarthritis a prescribed industrial disease in farmers. There may be wider implications for the prevention of hip osteoarthritis in the general population.     

A relationship between hepatic metabolism of reduced lantadene A and its toxicity in rats and sheep

The metabolism of the cholestatic triterpene acid reduced lantadene A has been studied in susceptible and resistant rats and in sheep which are susceptible to intoxication. Sheep and susceptible female rats produced a similar major metabolite and rats produced a second metabolite which was a glucuronide. These metabolites were also observed in extracts of bile canalicular membranes prepared from intoxicated rats. Resistant male and female rats produced a similar major metabolite which was different to those synthesized by susceptible animals. It is concluded that in rats and sheep there is a correlation between the type of metabolites produced in the liver and the susceptibility to intoxication by reduced lantadene A.     

Temporal characterization of growth of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) larvae during sublethal hydrogen cyanide exposure

Growth of fathead minnow yolk sac larvae was characterized from changes in dry weight and total content and concentrations of RNA, DNA and protein in fish exposed to a sublethal level of HCN (58 micrograms/l) and in age matched controls. Cyanide toxicosis occurred within 24 hr of exposure as evidenced by significant reductions in protein and RNA content and RNA/DNA ratio of larvae. After 96 hr exposure to HCN, larvae exhibited the same growth rate and protein synthetic rate (RNA/DNA) as control fish. HCN toxicosis and recovery is rapid and at least partial tolerance to HCN develops within 96 hr of exposure in larval fathead minnows.