A finite element based method to determine the properties of planar soft tissue.

A finite element based method to determine the incremental elastic material properties of planar membranes was developed and evaluated. The method is applicable to tissues that exhibit inhomogeneity, geometric and material nonlinearity, and anisotropy. Markers are placed on the tissue to form a four-node quadrilateral element. The specimen is loaded to an initial reference state, then three incremental loading sets are applied and the nodal displacements recorded. One of these loadings must include shear. These data are used to solve an over-determined system of equations for the tangent stiffness matrix. The method was first verified using analytical data. Next, data obtained from a latex rubber sheet were used to evaluate experimental procedures. Finally, experiments conducted on preconditioned rat skin revealed nonlinear orthotropic behavior. The vector norm comparing the applied and calculated nodal force vectors was used to evaluate the accuracy of the solutions.     

An implantable transducer for measuring tension in an anterior cruciate ligament graft.

The goal of this study was to develop a new implantable transducer for measuring anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft tension postoperatively in patients who have undergone ACL reconstructive surgery. A unique approach was taken of integrating the transducer into a femoral fixation device. To devise a practical in vivo calibration protocol for the fixation device transducer (FDT), several hypotheses were investigated: (1) The use of a cable versus the actual graft as the means for applying load to the FDT during calibration has no significant effect on the accuracy of the FDT tension measurements; (2) the number of flexion angles at which the device is calibrated has no significant effect on the accuracy of the FDT measurements; (3) the friction between the graft and femoral tunnel has no significant effect on measurement accuracy. To provide data for testing these hypotheses, the FDT was first calibrated with both a cable and a graft over the full range of flexion. Then graft tension was measured simultaneously with both the FDT on the femoral side and load cells, which were connected to the graft on the tibial side, as five cadaver knees were loaded externally. Measurements were made with both standard and overdrilled tunnels. The error in the FDT tension measurements was the difference between the graft tension measured by the FDT and the load cells. Results of the statistical analyses showed that neither the means of applying the calibration load, the number of flexion angles used for calibration, nor the tunnel size had a significant effect on the accuracy of the FDT. Thus a cable may be used instead of the graft to transmit loads to the FDT during calibration, thus simplifying the procedure. Accurate calibration requires data from just three flexion angles of 0, 45, and 90 deg and a curve fit to obtain a calibration curve over a continuous range of flexion within the limits of this angle group. Since friction did not adversely affect the measurement accuracy of the FDT, the femoral tunnel can be drilled to match the diameter of the graft and does not need to be overdrilled. Following these procedures, the error in measuring graft tension with the FDT averages less than 10 percent relative to a full-scale load of 257 N.     

Supporters and survivors: the people without AIDS.

Over the past 10 years the AIDS crisis has produced a large volume of writing. Much of this is documentary. Dozens of studies of AIDS from various clinical and political perspectives have been complemented by just as many published diaries, autobiographies, novels, plays, and poems. A few of these works have risen to the surface not only as extraordinarily valuable testimonies to the changes AIDS has wrought in individual and collective life but also as first-rate literary works, worth reading because beyond their immediate purposes they articulate with extraordinary lucidity and compassion some deep truths about the human--and the modern--condition. Paul Monette's Borrowed Time is among the most distinctive of those. It speaks not only for the community of people with AIDS and those who support them but for a generation.     

Untersuchungen zur Pollenentwicklung und Pollenschlauchbildung bei höheren Pflanzen

Zusammenfassung In reifen Pollenkörnern der beiden Sommergerstensorten Amsel und Wisa sowie der F₁-Pflanzen, die aus den Sorten-Kreuzungen Impala X Wisa und Union X Wisa hervorgegangen sind, wurde die DNS-Menge der Kerne cytophotometrisch bestimmt. Die Messungen wurden zugleich bei Spermakernen und vegetativen Kernen eines Pollenkorns vorgenommen. Außerdem wurde der DNS-Gehalt von Kernen von Wurzelspitzen-Zellen der Sorten Amsel und Wisa ermittelt.Amsel und Wisa unterscheiden sich signifikant im DNS-Gehalt der Kerne von Wurzelspitzen-Zellen.Die Befunde der Messungen des DNS-Gehalts von vegetativen und Sperma-Kernen bei vier Gerstenformen zeigen, daß zum Zeitpunkt der Anthese die DNS-Replikationsphase bei vegetativen und Sperma-Kernen noch nicht abgeschlossen ist. Der DNS-Gehalt vegetativer Kerne von Wisa ist signifikant niedriger als die entsprechenden Werte der übrigen drei Gerstenformen. Der Verlauf der DNS-Replikation erfolgt bei beiden Spermakernen synchron. Hingegen verläuft die DNS-Replikation bei vegetativen und Sperma-Kernen mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit nicht gleichsinnig.Im Diskussionsteil wird erstens erläutert, daß bei allen bisher analysierten Pflanzenarten des zwei- oder dreikernigen Pollenkorn-Typs zum Zeitpunkt der Pollenreife die DNS-Replikation der generativen bzw. Sperma-Kerne eingesetzt hat, aber je nach Pflanzenart noch nicht beendet sein muß. Zum gleichen Zeitpunkt der Pollenkornentwicklung kann der vegetative Kern in Abhängigkeit von der Pflanzenart auf dem C-Niveau verharren, eine teilweise oder bereits abgeschlossene DNS-Replikation erfahren haben oder schon teilweise oder ganz degeneriert sein, ohne zuvor eine DNS-Replikation vollzogen zu haben. Zweitens wird in diesem Abschnitt diskutiert, daß mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit im Ablauf der DNS-Replikation zwischen zwei- und dreikernigen Pollenkorn-Typen keine Unterschiede bestehen. Drittens wird die Hypothese vertreten, daß nur auf einem sehr frühen Stadium die normale Pollenkornentwicklung einschließlich des Ablaufs der DNS-Replikation insbesondere des vegetativen Kerns so abgewandelt werden kann, daß aus Pollenkörnern haploide Pflanzen erzeugt werden können.

---

The development of pollen grains and formation of pollen tubes in higher plantsIII. DNA-replication of vegetative and sperm nuclei in mature pollen grains of barley

Summary The DNA-content of vegetative and sperm nuclei in mature pollen grains of the barley varieties Amsel and Wisa and the F₁-plants of crossings of the barley varieties Impala X Wisa and Union X Wisa was determined by cytophotometry. In addition, the DNA-content of nuclei of root tips of Amsel and Wisa was cytophotometrically measured.The DNA contents of the nuclei in root tips of Amsel and Wisa differed significantly.The data obtained from the measurements of the vegetative and sperm nuclei of the four types of barley show that DNA-replication continues in the nuclei of mature pollen grains. The DNA values of vegetative nuclei of Wisa are significantly lower than the values of Amsel and of the F₁ plants. The DNA values of the different nuclei indicate that DNA replication of both types of sperm nuclei is synchronous, whereas it probably is not synchronous in vegetative and sperm nuclei respectively.In the discussion it is pointed out that a survey of the literature shows that in all of the plant species having binucleate or trinucleate pollen DNA replication of generative and of sperm nuclei has started at the time of pollen grain maturation. Depending on the plant species, replication may or may not be completed in the mature pollen grain. At a given stage of development of the pollen grain the vegetative nucleus may be arrested at the C-stage, may have partially or completely finished its DNA replication or may be partially or completely degenerated without prior replication of DNA.In the second part of the discussion it is stated that the course of DNA replication is likely to be similar in binucleate and trinucleate pollen grains. Thirdly, the hypothesis is discussed that in order to get haploid plants from pollen grains, changes in the normal development of the pollen grain and in the pattern of DNA replication must occur at a very early stage of pollen grain development.

---

---

Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.

---

Angenommen durch F. Mechelke

---

Mein Dank grit Herrn Prof. Dr. F. Mechelke fiir die Anregung zu diesen Untersuchungen sowie fiir die Unterstfitzung und die kritischen Diskussionen w/ihrend ihres Verlaufs und Fr/iulein H. Nagel fiir zuverl/issige technische Hilfe.     

Frequency of cytokine-producing CD4-CD8- peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

The frequency of cytokine-producing CD4-/CD8- mononuclear cells was assessed in patients of different age groups (29 infants, aged 1-5 years; 30 schoolchildren, aged 6-14 years, 26 adults, aged > 15 years) with acute Plasmodium falciparum malaria, from Gabon. Fifteen patients were followed up before antimalarial treatment (day 0), during parasite clearance (day 3) and after resolution of parasitemia (day 10). By using flow cytometry for intracellular detection of cytokines, a striking expansion of CD4-/CD8- cells producing the type 1 cytokines interleukin (IL)-2-/interferon (IFN)-gamma+, IL-2+/IFN-gamma+ and IL-2+/IFN-gamma- was observed in adults as compared with children. Type 2 cytokine expression (IL-4+/IFN-gamma-, IL-13+/IFN-gamma-) and type 0 cells (IL-4+/IFN-gamma+, IL-13+/IFN-gamma+) were not significantly different between the three age groups. Patients with severe malaria had a significantly increased frequency of type 2 cytokine-producing CD4-/CD8- cells. Drug-induced clearance of parasitemia was characterized by a decrease of IL-2+/IFN-gamma- and type 2 cytokine expressing CD4-/CD8- cells and by a gradual increase of IL-10+/IFN-gamma- expression. The type 1/type 2 dichotomy observed within the CD4-/CD8- cell population is likely to be of significance in the host response against P. falciparum malaria.