The bactericidal effect of ultraviolet and visible light on Escherichia coli

The bactericidal radiation dosages at specific wavelengths in the ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrum are not well documented. Such information is important for the development of new monochromatic bactericidal devices to be operated at different wavelengths. In this study, radiation dosages required to cause mortality of an Escherichia coli strain, ATCC 25922, at various wavelengths between 250 and 532 nm in the UV and visible spectrum were determined. Radiation at 265 nm in the UV region was most efficient in killing the E. coli cells and 100% mortality was achieved at a dose of 1.17 log mJ/cm(2). In the visible spectrum, the radiation dosages required for a one-log reduction of the E. coli cell density at 458 and 488 nm were 5.5 and 6.9 log mJ/cm(2), respectively. However, at 515 and 532 nm, significant killing was not observed at radiation dosage up to 7 log mJ/cm(2). Based on the cell survival data at various radiation dosages between 250 and 488 nm, a predictive equation for the survival of E. coli cells is derived, namely log(S/S(0)) = -(1.089 x 10(7) e(-0.0633lambda))D. The symbols, S(0), S, lambda, and D, represent initial cell density, cell density after irradiation, wavelength of the radiation and radiation dosage, respectively. The proportion of the surviving E. coli cells decreases exponentially with the increase in radiation dosage at a given wavelength. In addition, the radiation dose required for killing a certain fraction of the E. coli cells increases exponentially as the wavelength of radiation increases.     

Structural features of acetylated galactomannans from green Coffea arabica beans

Polysaccharides were extracted from green Coffea arabica beans with water (90 °C, 1 h). Galactomannans were isolated from the water extract using preparative anion-exchange chromatography. Almost all of the galactomannans eluted in two neutral populations, while almost all of the arabinogalactans bound to the column, indicating that these arabinogalactans contain charged groups. Analysis of the molecular weight distribution of the two neutral populations showed that they differ in their molecular weight. Further characterization of these neutral populations by NMR and by MALDI-TOF MS after enzymatic degradation with an endo-mannanase, showed the presence of acetyl groups linked to the galactomannans, a feature not previously described for this type of polysaccharides from coffee beans. It was found that the high molecular weight (ca. 2000 kDa) neutral fraction was highly substituted both with galactose residues and acetyl groups, while the low molecular weight (ca. 20 kDa) population was much less substituted. Based on these results it can be concluded that at least two distinctly different populations of galactomannans are present in green coffee beans. It was also shown that the degradation of the galactomannans from green coffee beans with an endo-mannanase from A. niger is hindered by the presence of acetyl groups.     

Selection of effective antisense oligodeoxynucleotides with a green fluorescent protein-based assay. Discovery of selective and potent inhibitors of glutathione S-transferase Mu expression.

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) are frequently used for the down-regulation of protein expression. Because the majority of potential antisense sequences lacks effectiveness, fast screening methods for the selection of effective AS-ODNs are needed. We describe a new cellular screening assay for the evaluation of the potency and specificity of new antisense sequences. Fusion constructs of the gene of interest and the gene encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) are cotransfected with AS-ODNs to COS-7 cells. Subsequently, cells are analysed for expression of the EGFP fusion protein by flow cytometry. With the assay, we tested the effectiveness of a set of 15 phosphorothioate ODNs against rat glutathione S-transferase Mu1 (GSTM1) and/or Mu2 (GSTM2). We found several AS-ODNs that demonstrated potent, sequence-specific, and concentration-dependent inhibition of fusion protein expression. At 0.5 microm, AS-6 and AS-8 inhibited EGFP-GSTM1 expression by 95 +/- 4% and 81 +/- 6%, respectively. AS-5 and AS-10 were selective for GSTM2 (82 +/- 4% and 85 +/- 0.4% decrease, respectively). AS-2 and AS-3, targeted at homologous regions in GSTM1 and GSTM2, inhibited both isoforms (77-95% decrease). Other AS-ODNs were not effective or displayed non-target-specific inhibition of protein expression. The observed decrease in EGFP expression was accompanied by a decrease in GSTM enzyme activity. As isoform-selective, chemical inhibitors of GSTM and GSTM knock-out mice are presently unavailable, the selected AS-ODNs constitute important tools for the study of the role of GSTM in detoxification of xenobiotics and protection against chemical-induced carcinogenesis.     

Synthesis of bis-spermine dimers that are potent polyamine transport inhibitors.

A series of novel spermine dimer analogues was synthesized and assessed for their ability to inhibit spermidine transport into MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells. Two spermine molecules were tethered via their N(1) primary amines with naphthalenedisulfonic acid, adamantanedicarboxylic acid and a series of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. The linked spermine analogues were potent polyamine transport inhibitors and inhibited cell growth cytostatically in combination with a polyamine synthesis inhibitor. Variation in the linker length did not alter polyamine transport inhibition. The amount of charge on the molecule may influence the molecular interaction with the transporter since the most potent spermidine transport inhibitors contained 5-6 positive charges.     

Kinetic properties of toxic protease inhibitors isolated from tick eggs

1. Egg-toxins from Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Boophilus microplus, Boophilus decoloratus and Hyalomma truncatum were found to be inhibitors of trypsin and in two cases also of chymotrypsin. 2. Fast tight-binding and slow-binding inhibition were observed. 3. Immunological identity of the toxins were assessed with Ouchterlony immunodiffusion and ELISA. 4. The protease content of B. decoloratus and Amblyomma hebraeum tick eggs were determined by a linked enzyme assay. 5. The predictive value of the kinetic constants in inferring a possible physiological role was discussed.     

Whole-canopy carbon gain as a result of selection on individual performance of ten genotypes of a clonal plant

Game theoretical models predict that plant competition for light leads to reduced productivity of vegetation stands through selection for traits that maximize carbon gains of individuals. Using empirical results from a 5-year competition experiment with 10 genotypes of the clonal plant Potentilla reptans, we tested this prediction by analyzing the effects of the existing leaf area values on the carbon gain of the different genotypes and the consequent whole canopy carbon gain. We focused on specific leaf area (SLA) due to its role in the trade-off between light capture area and photosynthetic capacity per unit area. By combining a canopy model based on measured leaf area and light profiles with a game theoretical approach, we analyzed how changes in the SLA affected genotypic and whole-stand carbon gain. This showed that all genotypes contributed to reduced stand productivity. The dominant genotype maximized its share of total carbon gain, resulting in lower than maximal absolute gain. Other genotypes did not maximize their share. Hypothetical mutants of the dominant genotype were not able to achieve a higher carbon gain. Conversely, in other genotypes, some mutations did result in increased carbon gain. Hence, genotypic differences in the ability to maximize performance may determine genotype frequency. It shows how genotypic selection may result in lower carbon gains of the whole vegetation, and of the individual genotypes it consists of, through similar mechanisms as those that lead to the tragedy of the commons.