植物体细胞胚发生的分子基础①

ＭｏｌｅｃｕｌａｒＦｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎｉｎＰｌａｎｔＳｏｍａｔｉｃＥｍｂｒｙｏｇｅｎｅｓｉｓＸＩＮＧＧｅｎｇ－ＳｈｅｎｇＣＵＩＫａｉ－ＲｏｎｇＳＨＡＮＬｕｎＷＡＮＧＹａ－Ｆｕ（ＴｈｅＳｔａｔｅＫｅｙＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｏｆＡｒｉｄＡｇｒｏｅｃｏｌｏｇ...     

Event-related potentials in a Go/Nogo task of abnormal response inhibition in heroin addicts

Inhibitory control dysfunction is regarded as a core feature in addicts. The major objective of this study was to explore the time course of response inhibition in chronic heroin addicts and provide the neu-rophysiological evidence of their inhibitory control dysfunction. The amplitudes and latencies of ERP components were studied in fourteen heroin addicts (mean duration of heroin use being (13.54±5.71) years (Mean±SD), average abstinence being ((4.67±6.44) months)) and fourteen matched healthy con-trols with a visual Go/Nogo task. Our results showed that heroin addicts demonstrated significantly larger Go-N2 amplitudes which results in a decreased N2 Go/Nogo effect, but no statistically significant differences were found between heroin addicts and controls in P3. The ERP data suggest that fronto-central areas of heroin addicts were impaired during the inhibition process (200—300 ms) and over-activated to targets. The impaired early process might reflect an abnormal conflict monitoring process in heroin addicts. These results consolidate the inhibitory control dysfunction hypothesis in chronic heroin users.     

内蒙古地产紫沙参多糖免疫功能

给小鼠灌胃口服紫沙参多糖 ４００ ｍｇ· ｋｇ－１、８００ ｍｇ· ｋｇ－１,观察其连续给药对免疫功能的影响。结果显示：在５ｄ后能显著地增加小鼠耳肿胀度,提示紫沙参多糖能够增强二硝基氯苯诱导的小鼠迟发性变态反应（ＤＴＨ）;在７ ｄ后能显著地增加碳粒廓清指数Ｋ和吞噬指数α,增强单核巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,能显著地增加免疫器官胸腺、脾脏重量,增强机体免疫作用。试验采用国家中药二类新药云芝多糖 １０００ ｍｇ· ｋｇ－１作为阳性对照组。     

凝胶电泳微流控芯片提取外泌体及对人血浆外泌体中miRNA-21的测定

为了开发一种用于人体血浆中外泌体的高效快速提取和分离的新型微流控芯片,文中收集健康人体外周血液样本,自主设计并制备基于纳米多孔薄膜和琼脂糖凝胶电泳的微流芯片.提取的外泌体使用透射电镜、Nanosight和Western blotting等技术进行表征,鉴定并分析其形态、浓度和粒径分布.同时将超速离心法和微流芯片所提取的...     

Metabolomic profiling to identify potential serum biomarkers for schizophrenia and risperidone action

Despite recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the mechanisms of antipsychotic drug action, the development of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring in schizophrenia remains challenging. Metabolomics provides a powerful approach to discover diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers by analyzing global changes in an individual's metabolic profile in response to pathophysiological stimuli or drug intervention. In this study, we performed gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolomic profiling in serum of unmedicated schizophrenic patients before and after an 8-week risperidone monotherapy, to detect potential biomarkers associated with schizophrenia and risperidone treatment. Twenty-two marker metabolites contributing to the complete separation of schizophrenic patients from matched healthy controls were identified, with citrate, palmitic acid, myo-inositol, and allantoin exhibiting the best combined classification performance. Twenty marker metabolites contributing to the complete separation between posttreatment and pretreatment patients were identified, with myo-inositol, uric acid, and tryptophan showing the maximum combined classification performance. Metabolic pathways including energy metabolism, antioxidant defense systems, neurotransmitter metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and phospholipid metabolism were found to be disturbed in schizophrenic patients and partially normalized following risperidone therapy. Further study of these metabolites may facilitate the development of noninvasive biomarkers and more efficient therapeutic strategies for schizophrenia.     

Development of Species-Specific InDel Markers in Citrus

Citrus taxonomy is complex owing to the existence of a wide range of species: Poncirus is used mainly for rootstock; Fortunella produces small fruit and edible pericarp; and Citrus comprises the most widespread fruit crop species worldwide. Rapidly increasing genome resources from different citrus species facilitate the development of convenient and genome-wide molecular markers that can be applied to both inter- and intra-species analyses. In this study, by comparing the genome sequences of four citrus species, a set of 1958 InDels were identified and 453 candidate InDels were converted into PCR-based markers. Among these candidate InDels, 268 (65%) exhibited length polymorphisms from 30 bp to 200 bp when applied to seven species from the genera Poncirus, Fortunella and Citrus. Seven InDel markers exhibited high intraspecific polymorphisms in a natural pummelo population. The results showed that the InDel markers are effective for both inter- and intra-specific variation and identification analyses. These InDel markers are expected to be applied to germplasm identification, phylogenetic analysis, genetic diversity evaluation and marker-assisted breeding in citrus.     

长山群岛海域真核微藻粒级结构及扇贝摄食选择性

采用高通量测序-分子鉴定分级技术于2019年对长山群岛全海域真核微藻粒级结构进行了研究。结果发现,春季以中（47%）、小粒级（41%）为主,夏季以小（39%）、大粒级（38%）为主,秋季以大粒级（60%）为主,春、夏、秋季小、中、大粒级微藻比例为42：47：11、39：23：38、22：18：60。小粒级微藻优势种为细小微胞藻（Micromonas pusilla）、融合微胞藻（Micromonas commoda）和金牛微球藻（Ostreococcus tauri）,中粒级微藻优势种为剧毒卡尔藻（Karlodinium veneficum）、大粒级微藻优势种为柔弱几内亚藻（Guinardia delicatula）、平野亚历山大藻（Alexandrium hiranoi）、多纹膝沟藻（Gonyaulax polygramma）,综合整个真核微藻群落,春季由中粒径的剧毒卡尔藻占据优势（23.9%）,夏季由大粒径的平野亚历山大藻占据优势（29.4%）,秋季由大粒径的多纹膝沟藻占据优势（66.8%）,有毒甲藻在该海域中占有绝对优势,贝毒累积风险较高,小粒径微藻中金牛微球藻和抑食金球藻曾在渤海引发褐潮,潜在威胁该海域贝类养殖业。虾夷扇贝对小粒级和大粒级微藻的选择性较低,对中粒级微藻的选择性较高,尤其对水体中优势种剧毒卡尔藻一直表现出主动选择。光学需氧量、无机氮、溶解氧、石油类及部分重金属Cd、As、Hg影响着整个长山群岛海域真核微藻粒级结构时空演变。     

表土干旱和根信号对春小麦产量形成的影响

本实验模拟大田条件,探讨一定程度水分亏缺下春小麦能否产生非水力根信号,以及对春小麦产量形成的影响．用３ 个春小麦品种,３ 个水分处理：充分供水（ＣＴ） ,上层供水（ＤＩｕ） 和上层干旱下层供水（ＤＩｄ） ．出苗后１７ ～２８ｄ ,非充分供水处理出现了植物叶片水势未显著改变而气孔导度和蒸腾作用却显著下降的现象,这是非水力根信号的典型特征．随着时间的推移,植物叶片水势同对照处理相比显著下降．在本试验的３ 个品种中,Ｂ品种上层根系的比根重（ＳＲＷ,单位根长的根重） 在出苗后３４ｄ 和出苗后５４ｄ 较Ａ、Ｃ品种高,且在出苗后５４ｄ上层根重的绝对量也显著高于Ａ、Ｃ品种的对应处理,对Ｂ品种获得较高的产量十分有利．Ｃ品种同Ａ、Ｂ品种相比,在出苗后３４ｄ 和５４ｄ,ＤＩｕ 处理中总根重、总根长分别向上层根重和上层根长分配的比例较Ａ、Ｂ 品种高,中层根重和中层根长的相对较低;而ＤＩｄ 处理中表现的趋势正好相反．以上表明Ｃ 品种对浅层土壤水分十分敏感,其根系的可塑性较强,也反映了其较高的根信号敏感性．相对而言,Ａ 品种和Ｂ 品种根系的可塑性较弱,但这两个品种的籽粒产量显著高于Ｃ 品种．     

捕捞对长山群岛海域渔业生态系统的影响

为了评价捕捞对渔业生态系统的综合影响程度,建立渔业生态系统保护管理决策支持系统,本文基于状态、压力和生物群落响应PSR模型、利用层次分析法构建了捕捞对渔业生态系统的影响评价模型,包含渔船数量、捕捞压力指数、渔获量、底层鱼类比重、营养级、优势种单体重量、经济鱼类渔获量、多样性指数、均匀度指数3个层次9个指标,并选择1987—1988年和2006—2007年长山群岛游泳生物调查数据对其进行了定量评价。结果表明:近20年来,在捕捞强度不断增加的压力下,渔业生态系统的结构和功能发生显著变化,长寿命、高营养级的肉食性鱼类生物量下降明显,系统以短寿命、小型鱼类占优势;鱼类资源量、底层鱼类比重、营养级、优势种单体重量、经济鱼类渔获量、多样性指数、均匀度指数年退化率分别为4.75%、3.64%、0.31%、4.28%、2.32%、0.39%、1.14%;通过模型评价,渔业生态系统健康指数为0.34,低于评价等级Ⅲ级,说明近20年捕捞导致长山群岛渔业生态系统处于不健康状态。     

Rho‐associated coiled‐coil kinase 1 activation mediates amyloid precursor protein site‐specific Ser655 phosphorylation and triggers amyloid pathology

Rho‐associated coiled‐coil kinase 1 (ROCK1) is proposed to be implicated in Aβ suppression; however, the role for ROCK1 in amyloidogenic metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce Aβ was unknown. In the present study, we showed that ROCK1 kinase activity and its APP binding were enhanced in AD brain, resulting in increased β‐secretase cleavage of APP. Furthermore, we firstly confirmed that APP served as a substrate for ROCK1 and its major phosphorylation site was located at Ser655. The increased level of APP Ser655 phosphorylation was observed in the brain of APP/PS1 mice and AD patients compared to controls. Moreover, blockade of APP Ser655 phosphorylation, or inhibition of ROCK1 activity with either shRNA knockdown or Y‐27632, ameliorated amyloid pathology and improved learning and memory in APP/PS1 mice. These findings suggest that activated ROCK1 targets APP Ser655 phosphorylation, which promotes amyloid processing and pathology. Inhibition of ROCK1 could be a potential therapeutic approach for AD.