全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2336篇 |
免费 | 218篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
专业分类
2556篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 8篇 |
2023年 | 30篇 |
2022年 | 49篇 |
2021年 | 114篇 |
2020年 | 65篇 |
2019年 | 76篇 |
2018年 | 81篇 |
2017年 | 60篇 |
2016年 | 110篇 |
2015年 | 152篇 |
2014年 | 153篇 |
2013年 | 174篇 |
2012年 | 202篇 |
2011年 | 174篇 |
2010年 | 115篇 |
2009年 | 103篇 |
2008年 | 132篇 |
2007年 | 116篇 |
2006年 | 105篇 |
2005年 | 112篇 |
2004年 | 78篇 |
2003年 | 55篇 |
2002年 | 55篇 |
2001年 | 25篇 |
2000年 | 9篇 |
1999年 | 14篇 |
1998年 | 13篇 |
1997年 | 7篇 |
1996年 | 6篇 |
1995年 | 5篇 |
1994年 | 6篇 |
1993年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 12篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1972年 | 3篇 |
1971年 | 5篇 |
1968年 | 4篇 |
1963年 | 4篇 |
1950年 | 3篇 |
1933年 | 2篇 |
1919年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有2556条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
Caio Cesar de Souza Alves Adam Collison Luke Hatchwell Maximilian Plank Matthew Morten Paul S. Foster Sebastian L. Johnston Cristiane Fran?a da Costa Mauro Vieira de Almeida Henrique Couto Teixeira Ana Paula Ferreira Joerg Mattes 《PloS one》2013,8(11)
Background
Severe asthma is associated with T helper (TH) 2 and 17 cell activation, airway neutrophilia and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) activation. Asthma exacerbations are commonly caused by rhinovirus (RV) and also associated with PI3K-driven inflammation. Anthraquinone derivatives have been shown to reduce PI3K-mediated AKT phosphorylation in-vitro.Objective
To determine the anti-inflammatory potential of anthraquinones in-vivo.Methods
BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with crude house dust mite extract to induce allergic airways disease and treated with mitoxantrone and a novel non-cytotoxic anthraquinone derivative. Allergic mice were also infected with RV1B to induce an exacerbation.Results
Anthraquinone treatment reduced AKT phosphorylation, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and ameliorated allergen- and RV-induced airways hyprereactivity, neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation, cytokine/chemokine expression, mucus hypersecretion, and expression of TH2 proteins in the airways. Anthraquinones also boosted type 1 interferon responses and limited RV replication in the lung.Conclusion
Non-cytotoxic anthraquinone derivatives may be of therapeutic benefit for the treatment of severe and RV-induced asthma by blocking pro-inflammatory pathways regulated by PI3K/AKT. 相似文献62.
Géraldine De Muylder Sylvie Daulouède Laurence Lecordier Pierrick Uzureau Yannick Morias Jan Van Den Abbeele Guy Caljon Michel Hérin Philippe Holzmuller Silla Semballa Pierrette Courtois Luc Vanhamme Beno?t Stijlemans Patrick De Baetselier Michael P. Barrett Jillian L. Barlow Andrew N. J. McKenzie Luke Barron Thomas A. Wynn Alain Beschin Philippe Vincendeau Etienne Pays 《PLoS pathogens》2013,9(10)
Background
In order to promote infection, the blood-borne parasite Trypanosoma brucei releases factors that upregulate arginase expression and activity in myeloid cells.Methodology/Principal findings
By screening a cDNA library of T. brucei with an antibody neutralizing the arginase-inducing activity of parasite released factors, we identified a Kinesin Heavy Chain isoform, termed TbKHC1, as responsible for this effect. Following interaction with mouse myeloid cells, natural or recombinant TbKHC1 triggered SIGN-R1 receptor-dependent induction of IL-10 production, resulting in arginase-1 activation concomitant with reduction of nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity. This TbKHC1 activity was IL-4Rα-independent and did not mirror M2 activation of myeloid cells. As compared to wild-type T. brucei, infection by TbKHC1 KO parasites was characterized by strongly reduced parasitaemia and prolonged host survival time. By treating infected mice with ornithine or with NO synthase inhibitor, we observed that during the first wave of parasitaemia the parasite growth-promoting effect of TbKHC1-mediated arginase activation resulted more from increased polyamine production than from reduction of NO synthesis. In late stage infection, TbKHC1-mediated reduction of NO synthesis appeared to contribute to liver damage linked to shortening of host survival time.Conclusion
A kinesin heavy chain released by T. brucei induces IL-10 and arginase-1 through SIGN-R1 signaling in myeloid cells, which promotes early trypanosome growth and favors parasite settlement in the host. Moreover, in the late stage of infection, the inhibition of NO synthesis by TbKHC1 contributes to liver pathogenicity. 相似文献63.
Tony Gutierrez David Berry Tingting Yang Sara Mishamandani Luke McKay Andreas Teske Michael D. Aitken 《PloS one》2013,8(6)
Halomonas
species are recognized for producing exopolysaccharides (EPS) exhibiting amphiphilic properties that allow these macromolecules to interface with hydrophobic substrates, such as hydrocarbons. There remains a paucity of knowledge, however, on the potential of
Halomonas
EPS to influence the biodegradation of hydrocarbons. In this study, the well-characterized amphiphilic EPS produced by
Halomonas
species strain TG39 was shown to effectively increase the solubilization of aromatic hydrocarbons and enhance their biodegradation by an indigenous microbial community from oil-contaminated surface waters collected during the active phase of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Three
Halomonas
strains were isolated from the Deepwater Horizon site, all of which produced EPS with excellent emulsifying qualities and shared high (97-100%) 16S rRNA sequence identity with strain TG39 and other EPS-producing
Halomonas
strains. Analysis of pyrosequence data from surface water samples collected during the spill revealed several distinct
Halomonas
phylotypes, of which some shared a high sequence identity (≥97%) to strain TG39 and the Gulf spill isolates. Other bacterial groups comprising members with well-characterized EPS-producing qualities, such as
Alteromonas
,
Colwellia
and
Pseudoalteromonas
, were also found enriched in surface waters, suggesting that the total pool of EPS in the Gulf during the spill may have been supplemented by these organisms. Roller bottle incubations with one of the
Halomonas
isolates from the Deepwater Horizon spill site demonstrated its ability to effectively produce oil aggregates and emulsify the oil. The enrichment of EPS-producing bacteria during the spill coupled with their capacity to produce amphiphilic EPS is likely to have contributed to the ultimate removal of the oil and to the formation of oil aggregates, which were a dominant feature observed in contaminated surface waters. 相似文献
64.
65.
Raquel Amaral Karen P. Fawley Yvonne Němcová Tereza Ševčíková Alena Lukešová Marvin W. Fawley Lília M. A. Santos Marek Eliáš 《Journal of phycology》2020,56(3):630-648
The class Eustigmatophyceae includes mostly coccoid, freshwater algae, although some genera are common in terrestrial habitats and two are primarily marine. The formal classification of the class, developed decades ago, does not fit the diversity and phylogeny of the group as presently known and is in urgent need of revision. This study concerns a clade informally known as the Pseudellipsoidion group of the order Eustigmatales, which was initially known to comprise seven strains with oval to ellipsoidal cells, some bearing a stipe. We examined those strains as well as 10 new ones and obtained 18S rDNA and rbcL gene sequences. The results from phylogenetic analyses of the sequence data were integrated with morphological data of vegetative and motile cells. Monophyly of the Pseudellipsoidion group is supported in both 18S rDNA and rbcL trees. The group is formalized as the new family Neomonodaceae comprising, in addition to Pseudellipsoidion, three newly erected genera. By establishing Neomonodus gen. nov. (with type species Neomonodus ovalis comb. nov.), we finally resolve the intricate taxonomic history of a species originally described as Monodus ovalis and later moved to the genera Characiopsis and Pseudocharaciopsis. Characiopsiella gen. nov. (with the type species Characiopsiella minima comb. nov.) and Munda gen. nov. (with the type species Munda aquilonaris) are established to accommodate additional representatives of the polyphyletic genus Characiopsis. A morphological feature common to all examined Neomonodaceae is the absence of a pyrenoid in the chloroplasts, which discriminates them from other morphologically similar yet unrelated eustigmatophytes (including other Characiopsis-like species). 相似文献
66.
Alexander Jason B. Bunce Michael White Nicole Wilkinson Shaun P. Adam Arne A. S. Berry Tina Stat Michael Thomas Luke Newman Stephen J. Dugal Laurence Richards Zoe T. 《Coral reefs (Online)》2020,39(1):159-171
Coral Reefs - Cumulative anthropogenic pressures have triggered a global decline in the health of marine ecosystems, and coral reefs, in particular, are in crisis. With climate and... 相似文献
67.
Elizabeth Murdoch Titcomb Jessie Stevens Anne Sleeman Brandy Nelson Luke Yrastorza Adam M. Schaefer Gregory D. Bossart John S. Reif Marilyn Mazzoil 《Marine Mammal Science》2020,36(3):858-870
A previously undescribed skin abnormality, referred to as “linear skin markings” (LSM), has been identified in free-ranging common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida (IRL). The lesions were identified during photo-identification surveys conducted from 2002 and 2015. LSM presented as distinct, parallel lines running dorso-ventrally on the torso and varied in length and width. The goals of this study were to determine (1) prevalence of the condition in IRL dolphins, (2) age and sex distribution of affected animals, (3) spatial and temporal distribution patterns, (4) duration of the condition, and (5) development of hypotheses regarding the etiology of the condition. Among 1,357 individual dolphins identified during the study period, 96 (7.0%) showed evidence of LSM. Nearly all (98.8%) cases with an established home range occurred in the northern and central regions of the IRL. The majority of cases of known sex were female (85%), of which 100% had given birth to one or more calves. The mean age of animals with LSM when first observed was 7.3 with a range of 1–20 years. The maximum observed duration of LSM was 15 years. Once observed, the condition persisted indefinitely. The etiology of LSM has not been established. 相似文献
68.
Tadeo Ramirez-Parada Domingo Cabrera Zoe Diaz-Martin Luke Browne Jordan Karubian 《Biotropica》2020,52(5):845-856
Many tropical plant species show wide intra-population variation in reproductive timing, resulting in the protracted presence of flowering and fruiting individuals. Various eco-evolutionary drivers have been proposed as ultimate causes for asynchronous phenology, yet little is known about the proximate factors that control reproductive onset among individuals or that influence the proportion of trees producing new inflorescences within a population. We employed a nine-year phenological record from 178 individuals of the hyperdominant, asynchronously flowering canopy palm, Oenocarpus bataua (Arecaceae)¸ to assess whether resource-related variables influence individual- and population-level flowering phenology. Among individuals, access to sunlight increased rates of inflorescence production, while the presence of resource sinks related to current investment in reproduction—developing infructescences—reduced the probability of producing new inflorescences. At the population level, climate anomalies induced by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affected the proportion of the population producing inflorescences through time. Moreover, the effects of ENSO anomalies on flowering patterns depended on the prevalence of developing infructescences in the population, with stronger effects in periods of low developing-infructescence frequency. Taken together, these results suggest that resource-related variables can drive phenological differences among individuals and mediate population-level responses to larger-scale variables, such as climate anomalies. Consequently, a greater focus on the role of resource levels as endogenous cues for reproduction might help explain the frequent aseasonal phenological patterns observed among tropical plants, particularly those showing high intra-population asynchrony. 相似文献
69.
70.