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12.
Hugues-Alexandre Blain Luis Gibert Carles Ferrndez-Caadell 《Comptes Rendus Palevol》2010,9(8):487-497
For the first time unequivocal fossil remains of a green toad (Bufo viridis s.l.) are described in the Iberian Peninsula. The fossils come from the Cueva Victoria site, a late Early Pleistocene (ca. 1.1–1.2 Ma) karstic filling in semi-arid southeastern Spain (Murcia region). By extension, other remains from two other Early Pleistocene Spanish localities, Barranco León D (ca. 1.3 Ma) and Almenara-Casablanca 3 (ca. 1.1 Ma), are cautiously attributed to the group B. viridis. The B. viridis group was previously reported with some uncertainty to the west of its current distribution area in Western Europe (Spain and France) in the Pliocene (Bufo cf. viridis) and less probably in the Early Miocene (Bufo aff. viridis). Since no osteological differences have been established between the recently described extant species of B. viridis s.l. (e.g. Bufo balearicus, Bufo siculus, Bufo boulengeri, B. viridis sensu stricto and Bufo variabilis) no precise palaeobiogeographical relationships can be drawn for the Spanish fossils. However, the occurrence of a third species of bufonid toad during the Pleistocene in the South of the Iberian Peninsula raises some interesting ecological questions in relation to the local disappearance of the green toad, which can be hypothetically linked to the intensification of the Pleistocene glacial/interglacial climate dynamic or to probable competition with another toad, Bufo calamita. 相似文献
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A new significantly improved method for purification of pregnancy zone protein (PZP), α2-macroglobulin (α2M), and the C-terminal PZP receptor binding domain is presented. Several steps in an earlier procedure have been deleted, and modifications in the gradients in the DEAE step leave most of the contaminants bound to a DEAE-Sephacel gel. This procedure makes possible the rapid, simultaneous purification of both of these closely related unstable proteins in native form from human plasma, with no thiolester cleavage or formation of tetrameric PZP. The final preparations of both α2M and PZP are pure as determined by nonreducing and reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis following silver staining and no cross-contamination can be observed. The yield has been significantly improved and typically more than 500 mg PZP can be obtained from 1 liter pregnancy plasma. Furthermore, the stability of PZP at different temperatures on storage was studied. In liquid nitrogen PZP can be maintained in native dimeric form with intact thiolester for many years. The storage of native PZP with intact functional properties during and after purification is an obligatory prerequisite to elucidate the biological role of PZP. The receptor binding domain of PZP can be cleaved from the PZP–methylamine complex by papain and isolated from the other peptides by S-200 gel filtration. The cleavage site was determined and the C-terminal fragment was identified with several site-specific monoclonal antibodies against PZP. 相似文献
15.
Samples of microphytobenthos from the Tagus estuary were analysed for photosynthetic pigments by spectrophotometry and High
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Chlorophyll a values obtained with HPLC and spectrophotometry methods presented a highly significant positive correlation for both spectrophotometric
methods used (with and without the correction for pheopigments), but this relationship depended on the type of sediment. We
concluded that spectrophotometric methods give reliable Chl-a values, being suited for routine analysis, when a vast number of replicates is needed. However, for the correct estimation
of pheopigments, HPLC analysis is indispensable. In the literature, Chl-a estimations are expressed per content (μg g−1) or concentration (mg m−2). We discuss the influence of sediment type on the results depending on the type of unit used, and propose a simple conversion
factor based on sediment water content. 相似文献
16.
Raul J. Cano Jessica Rivera-Perez Gary A. Toranzos Tasha M. Santiago-Rodriguez Yvonne M. Narganes-Storde Luis Chanlatte-Baik Erileen García-Roldán Lucy Bunkley-Williams Steven E. Massey 《PloS one》2014,9(9)
Coprolites are fossilized feces that can be used to provide information on the composition of the intestinal microbiota and, as we show, possibly on diet. We analyzed human coprolites from the Huecoid and Saladoid cultures from a settlement on Vieques Island, Puerto Rico. While more is known about the Saladoid culture, it is believed that both societies co-existed on this island approximately from 5 to 1170 AD. By extracting DNA from the coprolites, followed by metagenomic characterization, we show that both cultures can be distinguished from each other on the basis of their bacterial and fungal gut microbiomes. In addition, we show that parasite loads were heavy and also culturally distinct. Huecoid coprolites were characterized by maize and Basidiomycetes sequences, suggesting that these were important components of their diet. Saladoid coprolite samples harbored sequences associated with fish parasites, suggesting that raw fish was a substantial component of their diet. The present study shows that ancient DNA is not entirely degraded in humid, tropical environments, and that dietary and/or host genetic differences in ancient populations may be reflected in the composition of their gut microbiome. This further supports the hypothesis that the two ancient cultures studied were distinct, and that they retained distinct technological/cultural differences during an extended period of close proximity and peaceful co-existence. The two populations seemed to form the later-day Taínos, the Amerindians present at the point of Columbian contact. Importantly, our data suggest that paleomicrobiomics can be a powerful tool to assess cultural differences between ancient populations. 相似文献
17.
Francisco Del Pino Claudia Jara Luis Pino María Cristina Medina-Mu?oz Eduardo Alvarez Raúl Godoy-Herrera 《PloS one》2015,10(8)
We investigated the role of Drosophila larva olfactory system in identification of congeners and aliens. We discuss the importance of these activities in larva navigation across substrates, and the implications for allocation of space and food among species of similar ecologies. Wild type larvae of cosmopolitan D. melanogaster and endemic D. pavani, which cohabit the same breeding sites, used species-specific volatiles to identify conspecifics and aliens moving toward larvae of their species. D. gaucha larvae, a sibling species of D. pavani that is ecologically isolated from D. melanogaster, did not respond to melanogaster odor cues. Similar to D. pavani larvae, the navigation of pavani female x gaucha male hybrids was influenced by conspecific and alien odors, whereas gaucha female x pavani male hybrid larvae exhibited behavior similar to the D. gaucha parent. The two sibling species exhibited substantial evolutionary divergence in processing the odor inputs necessary to identify conspecifics. Orco (Or83b) mutant larvae of D. melanogaster, which exhibit a loss of sense of smell, did not distinguish conspecific from alien larvae, instead moving across the substrate. Syn
97CS and rut larvae of D. melanogaster, which are unable to learn but can smell, moved across the substrate as well. The Orco (Or83b), Syn
97CS and rut loci are necessary to orient navigation by D. melanogaster larvae. Individuals of the Trana strain of D. melanogaster did not respond to conspecific and alien larval volatiles and therefore navigated randomly across the substrate. By contrast, larvae of the Til-Til strain used larval volatiles to orient their movement. Natural populations of D. melanogaster may exhibit differences in identification of conspecific and alien larvae. Larval locomotion was not affected by the volatiles. 相似文献
18.
Separation of toxic activity and ADP-ribosylation activity of botulinum neurotoxin D 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Neurotoxin from Clostridium botulinum type D strain South African (neurotoxin D) has shown ADP-ribosylation activity as well as toxic activity (Matsuoka, I., Sakuma, H., Syuto, B., Moriishi, K., Kubo, S., and Kurihara, K. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 706-712). Separation of these activities from each other was attempted by means of gel filtration, hydroxylapatite column chromatography, or immunoaffinity chromatography. Approximately 90% of toxic activity was recovered in each chromatography. Although ADP-ribosylation activity was incompletely separated from neurotoxin D by gel filtration, it was separated by hydroxylapatite column chromatography. In immunoaffinity chromatography with a column of Sepharose 4B coupling antibodies against botulinum ADP-ribosyltransferase, no ADP-ribosylation activity was detected by autoradiography in the unabsorbed toxic fraction. These results indicate that neurotoxin D does not have ADP-ribosylation activity. 相似文献
19.
Abstract: N -Acetylsuccinimidylglutamate [(asu)NAAG], a cyclic form of the peptide N -acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) in which the aspartyl residue is linked to glutamate via the α- and β-carboxylates, was identified and quantified by HPLC in the murine and bovine CNS. In the rat, the highest concentrations of (asu)NAAG were detected in the spinal cord (1.83 ± 0.15 pmol/mg of wet tissue weight) and brainstem (1.16 ± 0.08 pmol/mg wet weight), whereas the levels were below the limit of detection in cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. (Asu)NAAG was also detected in significant amounts in the superior colliculus and lateral genicutale nucleus (1.17 ± 0.05 and 0.82 ± 0.13 pmol/mg wet weight, respectively). Although the tissue content of (asu)NAAG was about three orders of magnitude lower than that of NAAG, levels of both peptides were positively correlated among different CNS regions ( r = 0.74, p < 0.003). In the rat spinal cord, (asu)NAAG levels progressively increased from week 2 to month 12 after birth. In bovine spinal cord, the contents of (asu)NAAG and NAAG were comparable in gray and white matter as well as in the dorsal and ventral horns. These results suggest that NAAG and (asu)-NAAG are closely related metabolically and raise the question of the physiological significance of such a cyclic peptide. 相似文献
20.