Mortality from Congenital Heart Disease in Mexico: A Problem on the Rise

Background and Objectives

Temporal trends in mortality from congenital heart disease (CHD) vary among regions. It is therefore necessary to study this problem in each country. In Mexico, congenital anomalies were responsible for 24% of infant mortality in 2013 and CHD represented 55% of total deaths from congenital anomalies among children under 1 year of age. The objectives of this study were to analyze the trends in infant mortality from CHD in Mexico (1998 to 2013), its specific causes, age at death and associated socio-demographic factors.

Methods

Population-based study which calculated the compounded annual growth rate of death rom CHD between 1998 and 2013. Specific causes, age at which death from CHD occurred and risk factors associated with mortality were analyzed for the year 2013.

Results

Infant mortality from CHD increased 24.8% from 1998 to 2013 (114.4 to 146.4/ 100,000 live births). A total of 3,593 CHD deaths occurred in 2013; the main causes were CHD with left-to-right shunt (n = 487; 19.8/100,000 live births) and cyanotic heart disease (n = 410; 16.7/100,000). A total of 1,049 (29.2%) deaths from CHD occurred during the first week of life. Risk factors associated with mortality from CHD were, in order of magnitude: non-institutional birth, rural area, birth in a public hospital and male sex.

Conclusions

Mortality from CHD has increased in Mexico. The main causes were CHD with left-to-right shunt, which are not necessarily fatal if treated promptly. Populations vulnerable to death from CHD were identified. Approximately one-third of the CHD occurred during the first week of life. It is important to promote early diagnosis, especially for non-institutional births.     

Associations of Whole Blood n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents – Results from the IDEFICS/I.Family Cohort

BackgroundPolyunsaturated n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are precursors of biologically active metabolites that affect blood pressure (BP) regulation. This study investigated the association of n-3 and n-6 PUFA and BP in children and adolescents.MethodsIn a subsample of 1267 children aged 2–9 years at baseline of the European IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of dietary- and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants) cohort whole blood fatty acids were measured by a validated gas chromatographic method. Systolic and diastolic BP was measured at baseline and after two and six years. Mixed-effects models were used to assess the associations between fatty acids at baseline and BP z-scores over time adjusting for relevant covariables. Models were further estimated stratified by sex and weight status.ResultsThe baseline level of arachidonic acid was positively associated with subsequent systolic BP (β = 0.08, P = 0.002) and diastolic BP (β = 0.07, P<0.001). In thin/normal weight children, baseline alpha-linolenic (β = -1.13, P = 0.003) and eicosapentaenoic acid (β = -0.85, P = 0.003) levels were inversely related to baseline and also to subsequent systolic BP and alpha-linolenic acid to subsequent diastolic BP. In overweight/obese children, baseline eicosapentaenoic acid level was positively associated with baseline diastolic BP (β = 0.54, P = 0.005).ConclusionsLow blood arachidonic acid levels in the whole sample and high n-3 PUFA levels in thin/normal weight children are associated with lower and therefore healthier BP. The beneficial effects of high n-3 PUFA on BP were not observed in overweight/obese children, suggesting that they may have been overlaid by the unfavorable effects of excess weight.     

Clinical Focus on Malassezia Folliculitis

Malassezia spp. folliculitis is a variant quite frequent at the tropics. The clinical aspect of perifollicular pustules on an erythematous base with a central hair is the clue for the diagnosis, especially on hairy surfaces. We describe this clinical form caused by Malassezia sp., with background, direct examination findings, and histopathology.     

Epidemiology and Management of Candidiasis in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Purpose of Review

Invasive candidiasis (IC) is the leading cause of fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients (SOT). In this article, we aim to review the epidemiology, risk factors, presentation, and management of IC in this population.

Recent Findings

Certain risk factors have been associated with IC in SOT recipients. Targeted antifungal prophylaxis for SOT recipients at the highest risk of infection is currently recommended although the choice and duration of antifungal agents remain controversial. Early diagnosis and monitoring of IC in SOT recipients are critical to achieve better outcomes and prevent serious complications. Non-culture-based diagnostic modalities have been introduced to aid in earlier and more accurate diagnosis.

Summary

The use of azoles for prophylaxis or treatment in SOT recipients allowed for selection of resistance and increased the incidence of non-albicans Candida. Drug–drug interactions, cost, and risk of resistance are to be considered when using more potent or newer antifungal agents.

     

Evaluation of QTLs for Shoot Fly (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Atherigona soccata</Emphasis>) Resistance Component Traits of Seedling Leaf Blade Glossiness and Trichome Density on Sorghum (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sorghum bicolor</Emphasis>) Chromosome SBI-10L

Shoot fly is a major insect pest of sorghum damaging early crop growth, establishment and productivity. Host plant resistance is an efficient approach to minimize yield losses due to shoot fly infestation. Seedling leaf blade glossiness and trichome density are morphological traits associated with shoot fly resistance. Our objective was to identify and evaluate QTLs for glossiness and trichome density using- i) 1894 F₂s, ii) a sub-set of 369 F₂-recombinants, and iii) their derived 369 F_2:3 progenies, from a cross involving introgression lines RSG04008-6 (susceptible)?×?J2614-11 (resistant). The QTLs were mapped to a 37–72 centimorgan (cM) or 5–15 Mb interval on the long arm of sorghum chromosome 10 (SBI-10L) with flanking markers Xgap001 and Xtxp141. One QTL each for glossiness (QGls10) and trichome density (QTd10) were mapped in marker interval Xgap001-Xnhsbm1044 and Xisep0630-Xtxp141, confirming their loose linkage, for which phenotypic variation accounted for ranged from 2.29 to 11.37 % and LOD values ranged from 2.03 to 24.13, respectively. Average physical map positions for glossiness and trichome density QTLs on SBI-10 from earlier studies were 4 and 2 Mb, which in the present study were reduced to 2 Mb and 800 kb, respectively. Candidate genes Glossy15 (Sb10g025053) and ethylene zinc finger protein (Sb10g027550) falling in support intervals for glossiness and trichome density QTLs, respectively, are discussed. Also we identified a sub-set of recombinant population that will facilitate further fine mapping of the leaf blade glossiness and trichome density QTLs on SBI-10.     

Pathogenesis of Fungal Infections in Cystic Fibrosis

For a long time, the microbiology of cystic fibrosis has been focussed on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and associated Gram-negative pathogens. An increasing body of evidence has been compiled demonstrating an important role for moulds and yeasts within this complex patient group. Whether or not fungi are active participants, spectators or transient passersby remain to be elucidated. However, functionally, they do appear to play a contributory role in pathogenesis, albeit we do not know if this is a direct or indirect effect. The following review examines some of the key evidence for the role of fungi in CF pathogenesis.     

Impact of New Diagnostic Approaches for Invasive Candidiasis on Antifungal Stewardship

Background

Invasive candidiasis (IC) including candidemia and deep-seated candidiasis is associated with up to 50 % overall mortality and up to $80,000 in attributable cost (2015 US$). Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for Candida have been developed. However, whether RDTs along with real-time decision support translate to better attainment of stewardship goals—improve clinical outcomes, minimize unintended consequences of antifungal use, and reduce healthcare costs—is unknown. The purpose of this systematic review was to provide an up-to-date review of recently published studies that have assessed how RDTs for IC impact attainment of these goals.

Methods

Three electronic bibliographic databases were searched using a pre-defined search strategy evaluating the impact of RDTs for IC on attainment of antifungal stewardship goals. Quality assessments were performed by two reviewers using established study methodology metrics.

Results and Conclusions

Eight studies were identified of which five had sufficient information to be included in the review. Despite the limitations of the various studies and the different methodologies employed, the studies all produced similar conclusions. Compared to conventional methods and baseline stewardship activities, the integration of RDTs for IC and real-time decision support, mainly through antifungal stewardship, was associated with decreased mortality, more optimal use of antifungals, and reduced healthcare costs. However, larger clinical studies are needed to confirm these trends.

     

Antifungal Penetration into the Nail and New Topicals for Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis is a common and difficult to treat infection, owing predominately to the limited penetration of topical drugs to the site of infection. Systemic drugs are not an option for all patients due to adverse events and drug-drug interactions. In this article, we review the nail penetration and clinical efficacy data of topical drugs, including older agents such as ciclopirox and amorolfine, as well as the newer agents, efinaconazole and tavaborole. Additionally, we describe some unresolved questions in the management of onychomycosis.