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81.
Indicators to measure progress towards achieving public health, human rights, and international development targets, such as 100% access to improved drinking water or zero maternal mortality ratio, generally focus on status (i.e., level of attainment or coverage) or trends in status (i.e., rates of change). However, these indicators do not account for different levels of development that countries experience, thus making it difficult to compare progress between countries. We describe a recently developed new use of frontier analysis and apply this method to calculate country performance indices in three areas: maternal mortality ratio, poverty headcount ratio, and primary school completion rate. Frontier analysis is used to identify the maximum achievable rates of change, defined by the historically best-performing countries, as a function of coverage level. Performance indices are calculated by comparing a country’s rate of change against the maximum achievable rate at the same coverage level. A country’s performance can be positive or negative, corresponding to progression or regression, respectively. The calculated performance indices allow countries to be compared against each other regardless of whether they have only begun to make progress or whether they have almost achieved the target. This paper is the first to use frontier analysis to determine the maximum achievable rates as a function of coverage level and to calculate performance indices for public health, human rights, and international development indicators. The method can be applied to multiple fields and settings, for example health targets such as cessation in smoking or specific vaccine immunizations, and offers both a new approach to analyze existing data and a new data source for consideration when assessing progress achieved. 相似文献
82.
Kai‐Yen Peng Yuan‐Hung Liu Yu‐Wei Li Betty Linju Yen Men‐Luh Yen 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2017,21(8):1572-1583
Myocardial ischaemia (MI) results in extensive cardiomyocyte death and reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐induced damage in an organ with little or no regenerative capacity. Although the use of adult bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) has been proposed as a treatment option, the high cell numbers required for clinical use are difficult to achieve with this source of MSCs, and animal studies have produced inconsistent data. We recently demonstrated in small and large animal models of acute MI that the application of human term placenta‐derived multipotent cells (PDMCs), a foetal‐stage MSC, resulted in reversal of cardiac injury with therapeutic efficacy. However, the mechanisms involved are unclear, making it difficult to strategize for therapeutic improvements. We found that PDMCs significantly reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ROS production through the paracrine factors GRO‐α, HGF and IL‐8. Moreover, culturing PDMCs on plates coated with laminin, an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, resulted in significantly enhanced secretion of all three paracrine factors, which further reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The enhancement of PDMC paracrine function by laminin was mediated through αvβ3 integrin, with involvement of the signalling pathways of JNK, for GRO‐α and IL‐8 secretion, and PI3K/AKT, for HGF secretion. Our results demonstrated the utility of PDMC therapy to reduce cardiomyocyte apoptosis through modulation of ECM proteins in in vitro culture systems as a strategy to enhance the therapeutic functions of stem cells. 相似文献
83.
Phytoseiid mite larvae vary in size and feeding type. We compared larval size to feeding by larvae, cannibalism of larvae by adult females, egg and adult female size and the setae lengths of larvae and adults among 13 species. There was no relationship between size of larvae and either feeding by larvae or cannibalism of larvae by adult female mites. Correlations were highest between larval size as measured by idiosoma plus extended leg lengths and adult female size of idiosoma plus extended leg lengths (r2=0.746), while next highest was larval idiosoma length and adult female idiosoma length (r2=0.662) and then larval idiosoma length and egg length (r2=0.579). Based on idiosoma length, Phytoseiulus persimilis had the largest larvae (non-feeding) among species and Euseius finlandicus had the smallest larvae (obligatory feeding). However, based on idiosoma length plus extended leg length, obligatory feeding larvae (on pollen or mites) of E. finlandicus and Euseius hibisci were largest and facultative feeding larvae (on mites) of Neoseiulus californicus and obligatory feeding larvae (on mites) of Galendromus occidentalis were the smallest. Among species with non- or facultative feeding larvae, Amblyseius andersoni and Neoseiulus barkeri had larger larvae and Typhlodromus pyri and Neoseiulus fallacis had smaller larvae when leg lengths were included in larval size. Setae lengths of larvae versus adult females (after adjustment for body sizes) showed high correlation for j6 (r2=0.942) and s4 (r2=0.854), but low correlation for larval Z4 versus adult female Z4 (r2=0.084) or Z5 (r2=0.063). Overall, larval morphological traits were most closely correlated to traits of other life stages, although for setae there were some exceptions. Differences in the functions of setae j6, s4 and Z4 in the larva versus adult female are discussed. 相似文献
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86.
G Y Luh M K Song 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. B, Comparative biochemistry》1988,91(3):569-576
1. 65Zn complexes of picolinate (PA), citrate (CA), L-histidine (L-his), arachidonic acid (AA) or low mol. wt zinc-binding ligand from rat intestine (LMW-ZBL) gave 65Zn eluting peak fraction numbers of 53, 53, 56, 59 and 59 respectively, in a Sephadex G-75 column chromatography. 2. The 65Zn eluting peak fraction numbers with CA, L-his, PA, prostaglandin (PG)E2, AA, no ligand, arachidonate (AT) or LMW-ZBL were 49, 50, 54, 55, 58, 64, 75 and 76 respectively in a Sephadex G-25 column chromatography. 3. In a Sephadex G-15 column chromatography, the 65Zn eluting peak fraction numbers with CA, PGE2, AA, L-his, LMW-ZBL or PA were 49, 50, 51, 52, 52 and 55 respectively. 4. The LMW-ZBL in rat small intestine appears to be an AA-like substance. 相似文献
87.
Yung-Chie Lee Shi-Ping Luh Rong-Mou Wu Chun-Jean Lee 《Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII》1994,39(4):269-274
A prospective randomized study to evaluate the effect of adjuvant intrapleural OK-432 immunotherapy after resection of lung tumor was conducted in 93 patients with primary lung cancer. Among them, 46 patients had had intrapleural OK-432 injection, 47 had not. In the meantime, serial measurements of serum immunosuppressive acidic protein, of serum interleukin-2 receptor and of the sub-population of the peripheral blood cells and lymphocytes were performed in all these patients. Patient characteristics in these two groups (sex, age, histological type, pathological stage, type of operation, and performance status) were compatible. The results showed that adjuvant intrapleural OK-432 injection after resection had no beneficial effect on a patient's survival time. Patients who received intrapleural OK-432, had an increase in blood leukocytes, granulocytes and monocytes and serum immunosuppressive acidic protein level. But the cell numbers of total T cells, suppressor/cytoxic cells, helper/inducer cells and natural killer cells of peripheral blood were decreased in the OK-432 positive group. Over half of the patients had transient 1- or 2-day febrile reactions after intrapleural OK-432 injection. It was concluded that neither clinical observation nor immunological monitoring of peripheral blood could demonstrate a beneficial effect from intrapleural OK-432 immunotherapy after complete resection of the tumor. 相似文献
88.
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a common human pathogen that results in a chronic asymptomatic infection in healthy adults. Under conditions of immunosuppression, JCPyV spreads to the central nervous system and can cause the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a disease for which there are no vaccines or antiviral therapies. Retro-2 is a previously identified small molecule inhibitor that was originally shown to block retrograde transport of toxins such as ricin toxin from endosomes to the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Retro-2.1 is a chemical analog of Retro-2 that has been shown to inhibit ricin intoxication of cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Retro-2 has previously been shown to prevent retrograde transport of JCPyV virions to the ER, but the effect of Retro-2.1 on JCPyV infectivity is unknown. Here it is shown that Retro-2.1 inhibits JCPyV with an EC50 of 3.9 μM. This molecule inhibits JCPyV infection at dosages that are not toxic to human tissue culture cells. Retro-2.1 was also tested against two other polyomaviruses, the human BK polyomavirus and simian virus 40, and was also shown to inhibit infection at similar concentrations. Viral uncoating studies demonstrate that Retro-2.1 inhibits BKPyV infectivity in a manner similar to Retro-2. These studies demonstrate that improved analogs of Retro-2 can inhibit infection at lower dosages than Retro-2 and further optimization of these compounds may lead to effective treatment options for those suffering from JCPyV infection and PML. 相似文献
89.
90.
Ni Luh Arpiwi Guijun Yan Elizabeth L. Barbour Julie A. Plummer Elizabeth Watkin 《Plant and Soil》2013,367(1-2):363-377