全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4714篇 |
免费 | 394篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 32篇 |
2022年 | 87篇 |
2021年 | 130篇 |
2020年 | 83篇 |
2019年 | 106篇 |
2018年 | 153篇 |
2017年 | 116篇 |
2016年 | 195篇 |
2015年 | 280篇 |
2014年 | 248篇 |
2013年 | 357篇 |
2012年 | 412篇 |
2011年 | 423篇 |
2010年 | 210篇 |
2009年 | 191篇 |
2008年 | 255篇 |
2007年 | 242篇 |
2006年 | 219篇 |
2005年 | 186篇 |
2004年 | 173篇 |
2003年 | 159篇 |
2002年 | 164篇 |
2001年 | 68篇 |
2000年 | 45篇 |
1999年 | 53篇 |
1998年 | 43篇 |
1997年 | 37篇 |
1996年 | 31篇 |
1995年 | 25篇 |
1994年 | 16篇 |
1993年 | 14篇 |
1992年 | 21篇 |
1991年 | 27篇 |
1990年 | 24篇 |
1989年 | 12篇 |
1988年 | 13篇 |
1987年 | 19篇 |
1986年 | 12篇 |
1985年 | 23篇 |
1984年 | 22篇 |
1983年 | 19篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 12篇 |
1979年 | 12篇 |
1975年 | 9篇 |
1974年 | 13篇 |
1973年 | 11篇 |
1970年 | 8篇 |
1968年 | 13篇 |
1966年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有5108条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
Species have been commonly hypothesized to have high population densities in geographic areas which correspond to either the centre of the species geographic range or climatic niche (abundant–centre hypothesis). However, there is mixed empirical support for this relationship, and little theoretical underpinning. We simulate a species spreading across a set of replicated artificial landscapes to examine the expected level of support for abundant–centre relationships in geographic and niche space. Species niche constraints were modeled as a single axis which was related directly to population growth rates. We found strong evidence for abundant–centre relationships when populations follow deterministic growth, dispersal is high, environmental noise is absent and intraspecific competition is low. However, the incorporation of ecological realism reduced the detectability of abundant–centre relationships considerably. Our results suggest that even in carefully constructed artificial landscapes designed to demonstrate abundant–centre dynamics, the incorporation of small amounts of demographic stochasticity, environmental heterogeneity or landscape structure can strongly influence the relationship between species population density and distance to species geographic range or niche centre. While some simulated relationships were of comparable strength to common empirical support for abundant–centre relationships, our results suggest that these relationships are expected to be fairly variable and weak. 相似文献
992.
993.
994.
Giuseppe Maria Carpaneto Adriano Mazziotta Riccardo Pittino Luca Luiselli 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2011,20(13):3059-3076
Co-extinction is a recurring topic in conservation biology. Quantification of co-extinction has been generally restricted
to parasite–host, predator–prey and herbivore–host plant interactions. The loss of detritivorous insects upon the depletion
of herbivore mammals has been poorly explored. Here, we used rarefaction curves to predict co-decline involving the decrease
in scarab dung beetles diversity due to a reduction in the number of dens of the Asia minor ground squirrel in the Turkish
steppe biome. We also evaluated the potential benefits provided by livestock in mitigating the decline of scarab beetle communities.
Rarefaction curves estimated that a 50% reduction in the number of sample units where squirrel faecal pellets are the only
available food resource accounts for a reduction of 28% of all the scarab species, and of 24% of the squirrel-linked species.
The current decline of ground squirrels, mainly due to intensification of agriculture, may represent a threat for biodiversity
in steppic environments because it may affect the specialized insects, and may produce a cascade effect also on their predators,
i.e., saker falcon, buzzards, eagles and mustelids. We also showed that the conservation of ground squirrels and their affiliate
scarab species may be ensured by a moderate livestock grazing, owing to the higher ecological success of these rodents in
the presence of large herbivores keeping low the grass cover. 相似文献
995.
The results of a bioindication study based on the diversity of epiphytic lichens in a semi-arid area of South Italy are presented.
The area features the presence of an industrial zone located in a rural context. The survey was performed in 20 sampling sites.
The lichen diversity values (LDV) were determined by the frequencies of all lichen species within a sampling grid placed on
tree trunks. Lichens demonstrated a condition of environmental alteration extending to the industrial zone, and tending towards
a recovery in the rural surroundings. The survey also showed evidence of eutrophication all over the study area. 相似文献
996.
Precipitation is one of the most important meteorological variables for defining the climate dynamics, but the spatial patterns of precipitation have not been fully investigated yet. The complex network theory, which provides a robust tool to investigate the statistical interdependence of many interacting elements, is used here to analyze the spatial dynamics of annual precipitation over seventy years (1941–2010). The precipitation network is built associating a node to a geographical region, which has a temporal distribution of precipitation, and identifying possible links among nodes through the correlation function.The precipitation network reveals significant spatial variability with barely connected regions, as Eastern China and Japan, and highly connected regions, such as the African Sahel, Eastern Australia and, to a lesser extent, Northern Europe. Sahel and Eastern Australia are remarkably dry regions, where low amounts of rainfall are uniformly distributed on continental scales and small-scale extreme events are rare. As a consequence, the precipitation gradient is low, making these regions well connected on a large spatial scale. On the contrary, the Asiatic South-East is often reached by extreme events such as monsoons, tropical cyclones and heat waves, which can all contribute to reduce the correlation to the short-range scale only.Some patterns emerging between mid-latitude and tropical regions suggest a possible impact of the propagation of planetary waves on precipitation at a global scale. Other links can be qualitatively associated to the atmospheric and oceanic circulation. To analyze the sensitivity of the network to the physical closeness of the nodes, short-term connections are broken. The African Sahel, Eastern Australia and Northern Europe regions again appear as the supernodes of the network, confirming furthermore their long-range connection structure. Almost all North-American and Asian nodes vanish, revealing that extreme events can enhance high precipitation gradients, leading to a systematic absence of long-range patterns. 相似文献
997.
998.
Luca Bilancetti Denis Poncelet Catherine Loisel Stefania Mazzitelli Claudio Nastruzzi 《AAPS PharmSciTech》2010,11(3):1257-1267
This article describes the preparation of starch particles, by spray drying, for possible application to a dry powder coating
process. Dry powder coating consists of spraying a fine powder and a plasticizer on particles. The efficiency of the coating
is linked to the powder morphological and dimensional characteristics. Different experimental parameters of the spray-drying
process were analyzed, including type of solvent, starch concentration, rate of polymer feeding, pressure of the atomizing
air, drying air flow, and temperature of drying air. An optimization and screening of the experimental parameters by a design
of the experiment (DOE) approach have been done. Finally, the produced spray-dried starch particles were conveniently tested
in a dry coating process, in comparison to the commercial initial starch. The obtained results, in terms of coating efficiency,
demonstrated that the spray-dried particles led to a sharp increase of coating efficiency value. 相似文献
999.
Autophagy Limits Endotoxemic Acute Kidney Injury and Alters Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Cytokine Expression 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jeremy S. Leventhal Jie Ni Morgan Osmond Kyung Lee G. Luca Gusella Fadi Salem Michael J. Ross 《PloS one》2016,11(3)
Sepsis related acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common in-hospital complication with a dismal prognosis. Our incomplete understanding of disease pathogenesis has prevented the identification of hypothesis-driven preventive or therapeutic interventions. Increasing evidence in ischemia-reperfusion and nephrotoxic mouse models of AKI support the theory that autophagy protects renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) from injury. However, the role of RTEC autophagy in septic AKI remains unclear. We observed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a mediator of gram-negative bacterial sepsis, induces RTEC autophagy in vivo and in vitro through TLR4-initiated signaling. We modeled septic AKI through intraperitoneal LPS injection in mice in which autophagy-related protein 7 was specifically knocked out in the renal proximal tubules (ATG7KO). Compared to control littermates, ATG7KO mice developed more severe renal dysfunction (24hr BUN 100.1mg/dl +/- 14.8 vs 54.6mg/dl +/- 11.3) and parenchymal injury. After injection with LPS, analysis of kidney lysates identified higher IL-6 expression and increased STAT3 activation in kidney lysates from ATG7KO mice compared to controls. In vitro experiments confirmed an altered response to LPS in RTEC with genetic or pharmacological impairment of autophagy. In conclusion, RTEC autophagy protects against endotoxin induced injury and regulates downstream effects of RTEC TLR4 signaling. 相似文献
1000.