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71.
According to one influential account, face processing atypicalities in autism reflect reduced reward value of faces, which results in limited attention to faces during development and a consequent failure to acquire face expertise. Surprisingly, however, there is a paucity of work directly investigating the reward value of faces for individuals with autism and the evidence for diminished face rewards in this population remains equivocal. In the current study, we measured how hard children with autism would work to view faces, using an effortful key-press sequence, and whether they were sensitive to the differential reward value of attractive and unattractive faces. Contrary to expectations, cognitively able children with autism did not differ from typically developing children of similar age and ability in their willingness to work to view faces. Moreover, the effort expended was strongly positively correlated with facial attractiveness ratings in both groups of children. There was also no evidence of atypical reward values for other, less social categories (cars and inverted faces) in the children with autism. These results speak against the possibility that face recognition difficulties in autism are explained by atypical reward value of faces. 相似文献
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David M. Smyth Nicholas S. Horne Elli Ronayne Rachel V. Millar Patrick W. S. Joyce Maria Hayden‐Hughes Louise Kregting 《Restoration Ecology》2020,28(3):645-654
Ostrea edulis was once prolific throughout Europe and considered as the continent's native oyster. However, O. edulis currently exists in small fragmented assemblages where natural unaided recovery is rarely encountered. This research identified the small semi‐enclosed sea Lough of Strangford on the northeast coast of Northern Ireland as one of the few locations within Europe where the native oyster displayed gregarious natural rejuvenation. On close examination, four influential parameters appeared to assist in concentrated settlement; raised topographical cultch formations, shell coverage, the number of fecund in situ adults, and site protection. If these components were to be combined and managed as part of reintroduction and restoration initiatives, high‐density settlements and self‐sustaining populations may be possible. The research also identified that unregulated harvesting of intertidal O. edulis assemblages has the potential to seriously hinder natural recoveries. Indeed, the findings suggest that a review of policy in regards to intertidal hand gathering is necessary. However, naturally occurring high‐density settlements recorded during this research should be inspirational to all involved in the restoration of the native oyster. 相似文献
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Robert Mason Helen C. Dearden Bella Nguyen Jennifer A. Soon Jessica Louise Smith Manreet Randhawa Andrew Mant Lydai Warburton Serigne Lo Tarek Meniawy Alexander Guminski Phillip Parente Sayed Ali Andrew Haydon Georgina V. Long Matteo S. Carlino Michael Millward Victoria G. Atkinson Alexander M. Menzies 《Pigment cell & melanoma research》2020,33(2):358-365
The combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab is a highly active systemic therapy for metastatic melanoma but can cause significant toxicity. We explore the safety and efficacy of this treatment in routine clinical practice, particularly in the setting of serine/threonine‐protein kinase B‐Raf (BRAF)‐targeted therapy. Consecutive patients with unresectable stage IIIC/IV melanoma commenced on ipilimumab and nivolumab across 10 tertiary melanoma institutions in Australia were identified retrospectively. Data collected included demographics, response and survival outcomes. A total of 152 patients were included for analysis, 39% were treatment‐naïve and 22% failed first‐line BRAF/MEK inhibitors. Treatment‐related adverse events occurred in 67% of patients, grade 3–5 in 38%. The overall objective response rate was 41%, 57% in treatment‐naïve and 21% in BRAF/MEK failure patients. Median progression‐free survival was 4.0 months (95% CI, 3.0–6.0) in the whole cohort, 11.0 months (95% CI, 6.0‐NR) in treatment‐naïve and 2.0 months (95% CI, 1.4–4.6) in BRAF/MEK failure patients. The combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab can be used safely and effectively in a real‐world population. While first‐line efficacy appears comparable to trial populations, BRAF‐mutant patients failing prior BRAF/MEK inhibitors show less response. 相似文献
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Cora E. Lewis John P. Bantle Alain G. Bertoni George Blackburn Frederick L. Brancati George A. Bray Lawrence J. Cheskin Jeffrey M. Curtis Caitlin Egan Mary Evans John P. Foreyt Siran Ghazarian Bethany Barone Gibbs Stephen P. Glasser Edward W. Gregg Helen P. Hazuda Louise Hesson James O. Hill Edward S. Horton Van S. Hubbard John M. Jakicic Robert W. Jeffery Karen C. Johnson Steven E. Kahn Abbas E. Kitabchi Dalane Kitzman William C. Knowler Edward Lipkin Sara Michaels Maria G. Montez David M. Nathan Ebenezer Nyenwe Jennifer Patricio Anne Peters Xavier Pi‐Sunyer Henry Pownall David M. Reboussin Donna H. Ryan Thomas A. Wadden Lynne E. Wagenknecht Holly Wyatt Rena R. Wing Susan Z. Yanovski 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2020,28(2):247-258
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Jenni Nordn Philip J. Harrison Louise Mair Juha Siitonen Anders Lundstrm Oskar Kindvall Tord Snll 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(6):3079-3089
Understanding spatiotemporal population trends and their drivers is a key aim in population ecology. We further need to be able to predict how the dynamics and sizes of populations are affected in the long term by changing landscapes and climate. However, predictions of future population trends are sensitive to a range of modeling assumptions. Deadwood‐dependent fungi are an excellent system for testing the performance of different predictive models of sessile species as these species have different rarity and spatial population dynamics, the populations are structured at different spatial scales, and they utilize distinct substrates. We tested how the projected large‐scale occupancies of species with differing landscape‐scale occupancies are affected over the coming century by different modeling assumptions. We compared projections based on occupancy models against colonization–extinction models, conducting the modeling at alternative spatial scales and using fine‐ or coarse‐resolution deadwood data. We also tested effects of key explanatory variables on species occurrence and colonization–extinction dynamics. The hierarchical Bayesian models applied were fitted to an extensive repeated survey of deadwood and fungi at 174 patches. We projected higher occurrence probabilities and more positive trends using the occupancy models compared to the colonization–extinction models, with greater difference for the species with lower occupancy, colonization rate, and colonization:extinction ratio than for the species with higher estimates of these statistics. The magnitude of future increase in occupancy depended strongly on the spatial modeling scale and resource resolution. We encourage using colonization–extinction models over occupancy models, modeling the process at the finest resource‐unit resolution that is utilizable by the species, and conducting projections for the same spatial scale and resource resolution at which the model fitting is conducted. Further, the models applied should include key variables driving the metapopulation dynamics, such as the availability of suitable resource units, habitat quality, and spatial connectivity. 相似文献