全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1117篇 |
免费 | 91篇 |
专业分类
1208篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 10篇 |
2021年 | 12篇 |
2020年 | 12篇 |
2019年 | 8篇 |
2018年 | 8篇 |
2017年 | 10篇 |
2016年 | 23篇 |
2015年 | 48篇 |
2014年 | 53篇 |
2013年 | 61篇 |
2012年 | 66篇 |
2011年 | 70篇 |
2010年 | 37篇 |
2009年 | 55篇 |
2008年 | 80篇 |
2007年 | 56篇 |
2006年 | 62篇 |
2005年 | 68篇 |
2004年 | 70篇 |
2003年 | 70篇 |
2002年 | 68篇 |
2001年 | 12篇 |
2000年 | 14篇 |
1999年 | 13篇 |
1998年 | 17篇 |
1997年 | 13篇 |
1996年 | 12篇 |
1995年 | 14篇 |
1994年 | 9篇 |
1993年 | 10篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 10篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 9篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 8篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 9篇 |
1981年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 5篇 |
1974年 | 8篇 |
1970年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有1208条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
992.
Anna Schleimer Alain C. Frantz Lorraine Richart Jörg Mehnert Gono Semiadi Wirdateti Johanna Rode-Margono Michel Mittelbronn Stuart Young Frank Drygala 《Diversity & distributions》2023,29(6):713-726
Aim
The biodiversity of the Malay Archipelago is the product of the region's rich biogeographical history with periods of island connectivity and isolation during the Pleistocene glacial cycles. Here, the case of two endemic suid species, the Javan (Sus verrucosus) and Bawean (S. blouchi) warty pigs, was used to illustrate how biogeographic processes and recent anthropogenic pressures can shape demographic histories with significant implications for species conservation.Location
Malay Archipelago, with focus on Bawean and Java.Methods
We employed genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms from the Porcine SNP60 v2 BeadChip to assess interspecific genetic differentiation, to estimate divergence times and to perform demographic model selection.Results
In contrast to the hypothesis of recent divergence during the last glacial maximum, S. blouchi was found to have diverged from S. verrucosus at least 166 k years ago following a founder event. The contemporary S. blouchi population was characterised by a recent bottleneck that reduced the effective population size to less than 20. The genomic assessment supports the single species status of S. blouchi, as was previously proposed based on morphometrics. The demographic history of S. verrucosus showed evidence of secondary contact with the sympatric banded pig (S. scrofa vittatus) that colonised Java 70 k years ago.Main Conclusions
While the Javan and Bawean warty pigs have persisted throughout the Pleistocene climatic oscillations, contemporary pressures from human activities threaten their survival and immediate action should be taken to grant legal protection to both S. verrucosus and S. blouchi. This study highlighted the use of demographic history modelling using genomic data to identify evolutionary significant units and inform conservation. 相似文献993.
Geoffrey T. Fong Lorraine V. Craig Romain Guignard Gera E. Nagelhout Megan K. Tait Pete Driezen Ryan David Kennedy Christian Boudreau Jean-Louis Wilquin Antoine Deutsch Fran?ois Beck 《PloS one》2013,8(6)
France implemented a comprehensive smoke-free law in two phases: Phase 1 (February 2007) banned smoking in workplaces, shopping centres, airports, train stations, hospitals, and schools; Phase 2 (January 2008) banned smoking in hospitality venues (bars, restaurants, hotels, casinos, nightclubs). This paper evaluates France’s smoke-free law based on the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project in France (the ITC France Project), which conducted a cohort survey of approximately 1,500 smokers and 500 non-smokers before the implementation of the laws (Wave 1) and two waves after the implementation (Waves 2 and 3). Results show that the smoke-free law led to a very significant and near-total elimination of observed smoking in key venues such as bars (from 94–97% to 4%) and restaurants (from 60–71% to 2–3%) at Wave 2, which was sustained four years later (6–8% in bars; 1–2% in restaurants). The reduction in self-reported smoking by smoking respondents was nearly identical to the effects shown in observed smoking. Observed smoking in workplaces declined significantly after the law (from 41–48% to 18–20%), which continued to decline at Wave 3 (to 14–15%). Support for the smoke-free laws increased significantly after their implementation and continued to increase at Wave 3 (p<.001 among smokers for bars and restaurants; p<.001 among smokers and p = .003 for non-smokers for workplaces). The findings demonstrate that smoke-free policies that are implemented in ways consistent with the Guidelines for Article 8 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) lead to substantial and sustained reductions in indoor smoking while also leading to high levels of support by the public. Moreover, contrary to arguments by opponents of smoke-free laws, smoking in the home did not increase after the law was implemented and prevalence of smoke-free homes among smokers increased from 23.2% before the law to 37.2% 5 years after the law. 相似文献
994.
Lorraine Ghibaudi John Cook Constance Farley Margaret van Heek Joyce J. Hwa 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2002,10(9):956-963
Objective: Childhood obesity is an emerging health problem. This study assesses the effects of three levels of dietary fat (10%, 32%, and 45% measured by kilocalories) on weight gain, body composition, energy metabolism, and comorbidity factors in rats from weaning through maturation. Research Methods and Procedures: The role of dietary fat on the susceptibility to obesity was assessed by feeding diets containing three levels of dietary fat to rats from weaning through 7 months of age. Body composition was analyzed by DXA after 6 and 12 weeks of dietary treatment. Energy metabolism was measured by indirect calorimetry. Results: Energy intake, weight gain, fat mass, and plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, leptin, and insulin levels increased dose‐dependently with increased dietary fat. No difference in absolute lean mass among the three groups was observed. Therefore, the differences in weight gain are accounted for primarily by increased fat accretion. Compared with rats that were relatively resistant to obesity when on a 45% fat diet, diet‐induced obesity‐prone rats were in positive energy balance and had an elevated respiratory quotient, indicating a switch in energy substrate use from fat to carbohydrate, which promotes body‐fat accretion. Discussion: Our data support the hypothesis that administration of increasing amount of dietary fat to very young rats enhances susceptibility to diet‐induced obesity and its comorbidities. 相似文献
995.
Perabo L Goldnau D White K Endell J Boucas J Humme S Work LM Janicki H Hallek M Baker AH Büning H 《Journal of virology》2006,80(14):7265-7269
Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) targeting vectors have been generated by insertion of ligand peptides into the viral capsid at amino acid position 587. This procedure ablates binding of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), AAV-2's primary receptor, in some but not all mutants. Using an AAV-2 display library, we investigated molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenotype, demonstrating that peptides containing a net negative charge are prone to confer an HSPG nonbinding phenotype. Interestingly, in vivo studies correlated the inability to bind to HSPG with liver and spleen detargeting in mice after systemic application, suggesting several strategies to improve efficiency of AAV-2 retargeting to alternative tissues. 相似文献
996.
Holliday junction (HJ) resolution is required for segregation of chromosomes and for formation of crossovers during homologous recombination. The identity of the resolvase(s) that functions in?vivo has yet to be established, although several proteins able to cut HJs in?vitro have been identified as candidates in yeasts and mammals. Using an assay to detect unselected products of mitotic recombination, we found a significant decrease in crossovers in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mus81Δ mutant. Yen1 serves a backup function responsible for resolving intermediates in mus81Δ mutants, or when conversion tracts are short. In the absence of both Mus81 and Yen1, intermediates are not channeled exclusively to noncrossover recombinants, but instead are processed by Pol32-dependent break-induced replication (BIR). The channeling of recombination from reciprocal exchange to BIR results in greatly increased spontaneous loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and chromosome mis-segregation in the mus81Δ yen1Δ mutant, typical of the genomic instability found in tumor cells. 相似文献
997.
998.
Moing A Aharoni A Biais B Rogachev I Meir S Brodsky L Allwood JW Erban A Dunn WB Kay L de Koning S de Vos RC Jonker H Mumm R Deborde C Maucourt M Bernillon S Gibon Y Hansen TH Husted S Goodacre R Kopka J Schjoerring JK Rolin D Hall RD 《The New phytologist》2011,190(3):683-696
? Variations in tissue development and spatial composition have a major impact on the nutritional and organoleptic qualities of ripe fleshy fruit, including melon (Cucumis melo). To gain a deeper insight into the mechanisms involved in these changes, we identified key metabolites for rational food quality design. ? The metabolome, volatiles and mineral elements were profiled employing an unprecedented range of complementary analytical technologies. Fruits were followed at a number of time points during the final ripening process and tissues were collected across the fruit flesh from rind to seed cavity. Approximately 2000 metabolite signatures and 15 mineral elements were determined in an assessment of temporal and spatial melon fruit development. ? This study design enabled the identification of: coregulated hubs (including aspartic acid, 2-isopropylmalic acid, β-carotene, phytoene and dihydropseudoionone) in metabolic association networks; global patterns of coordinated compositional changes; and links of primary and secondary metabolism to key mineral and volatile fruit complements. ? The results reveal the extent of metabolic interactions relevant to ripe fruit quality and thus have enabled the identification of essential candidate metabolites for the high-throughput screening of melon breeding populations for targeted breeding programmes aimed at nutrition and flavour improvement. 相似文献
999.
Abstract: Our previous studies indicate that, in certain non-catecholamine (CA) neurons, expression of the gene for the CA biosynthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) can be initiated by the obligatory interaction of acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) and a CA activator. In this study, we sought to determine whether these same differentiation factors also play a role in regulating existing TH expression in CA neurons. Thus, the effects of exogenous aFGF and CAs on TH were studied in developing or toxin-damaged dopamine (DA) neurons from the embryonic day 15 rat ventral midbrain, where it was likely to be at physiologically low levels. Cultures were incubated with various concentrations of aFGF, DA, or aFGF and DA. Some cultures were first damaged with 2.5 µ M 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. In developing DA neurons, an 80% increase in TH activity was found only after cotreatment with aFGF (100 ng/ml) and DA (1 µ M ) or other monoamines. Likewise, in damaged DA neurons, aFGF and DA reversed the 50% loss in TH activity caused by toxin. This was observed within 4 h of treatment and was not associated with changes in the number or appearance of DA neurons, suggesting a biochemical rather than a trophic effect. Pretreatment with protein or RNA synthesis inhibitors eliminated the increase. In PC12 cells, where TH is highly expressed, activity was unaltered by treatment. We conclude that the aFGF and CAs may be involved in not only the initiation but also the regulation of TH. 相似文献
1000.