全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1348篇 |
免费 | 131篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
1480篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 8篇 |
2021年 | 21篇 |
2020年 | 16篇 |
2019年 | 14篇 |
2018年 | 18篇 |
2017年 | 24篇 |
2016年 | 45篇 |
2015年 | 48篇 |
2014年 | 64篇 |
2013年 | 80篇 |
2012年 | 82篇 |
2011年 | 76篇 |
2010年 | 53篇 |
2009年 | 44篇 |
2008年 | 64篇 |
2007年 | 58篇 |
2006年 | 60篇 |
2005年 | 59篇 |
2004年 | 66篇 |
2003年 | 65篇 |
2002年 | 63篇 |
2001年 | 38篇 |
2000年 | 38篇 |
1999年 | 36篇 |
1998年 | 22篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1996年 | 12篇 |
1995年 | 15篇 |
1994年 | 13篇 |
1992年 | 15篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 15篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 14篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 8篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 9篇 |
1974年 | 10篇 |
1973年 | 12篇 |
1972年 | 9篇 |
1971年 | 5篇 |
1969年 | 6篇 |
1968年 | 14篇 |
1967年 | 9篇 |
1966年 | 8篇 |
1965年 | 5篇 |
排序方式: 共有1480条查询结果,搜索用时 13 毫秒
41.
Proteolytic enzymes are ubiquitous in occurrence, being found in all living organisms, and are essential for cell growth and differentiation. The extracellular proteases are of commercial value and find multiple applications in various industrial sectors. Although there are many microbial sources available for producing proteases, only a few are recognized as commercial producers. A good number of bacterial alkaline proteases are commercially available, such as subtilisin Carlsberg, subtilisin BPN' and Savinase, with their major application as detergent enzymes. However, mutations have led to newer protease preparations with improved catalytic efficiency and better stability towards temperature, oxidizing agents and changing wash conditions. Many newer preparations, such as Durazym, Maxapem and Purafect, have been produced, using techniques of site-directed mutagenesis and/or random mutagenesis. Directed evolution has also paved the way to a great variety of subtilisin variants with better specificities and stability. Molecular imprinting through conditional lyophilization is coming up to match molecular approaches in protein engineering. There are many possibilities for modifying biocatalysts through molecular approaches. However, the search for microbial sources of novel alkaline proteases in natural diversity through the "metagenome" approach is targeting a hitherto undiscovered wealth of molecular diversity. This fascinating development will allow the biotechnological exploitation of uncultured microorganisms, which by far outnumber the species accessible by cultivation, regardless of the habitat. In this review, we discuss the types and sources of proteases, protease yield-improvement methods, the use of new methods for developing novel proteases and applications of alkaline proteases in industrial sectors, with an overview on the use of alkaline proteases in the detergent industry. 相似文献
42.
Lipid and Phenolic Constituents from Seeds of Hypericum perforatum L. and Hypericum tetrapterum Fr. and their Antioxidant Activity
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《化学与生物多样性》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Miriam Heinrich Peter Lorenz Rolf Daniels Florian C. Stintzing Dietmar R. Kammerer 《化学与生物多样性》2017,14(8)
Seeds of Hypericum perforatum and H. tetrapterum were extracted with dichloromethane and methanol and investigated by chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. Both species yielded a fatty oil fraction amounting to 30.5% and 18.0% of the seed weight, respectively. Linoleic acid (C18:2n‐6) was shown to be the predominant fatty acid constituent. Moreover, xanthone derivatives, i.e. tetrahydroxyxanthones (THX), xanthone‐glycosides and xanthone‐sulfonates, were assigned in methanolic extracts. For structure elucidation, one representative xanthone, namely 1,3,6,7‐THX, was synthesized and analyzed via HPLC‐DAD/MSn and GC/MS. Total THX contents were quantitated applying a validated HPLC‐DAD method, resulting in 1.25 g/kg (H. perforatum) and 0.27 g/kg (H. tetrapterum), respectively. Moreover, the free radical scavenging capacity of the methanol extracts was tested using the DPPH antioxidant assay. Both, H. perforatum (IC50 = 8.7 mg/l) and 1,3,6,7‐THX (IC50 = 3.0 mg/l), exhibited good DPPH free radical scavenging activity compared to Trolox (IC50 = 6.6 mg/l). 相似文献
43.
Dânae Longo Aline P. Lorenz‐Lemke Geraldo Mäder Sandro L. Bonatto Loreta B. Freitas 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2014,174(2):199-213
In this study, we evaluated the genetic diversity of the Petunia integrifolia species group using a phylogeographical approach, and attempted to understand better its diversification and taxonomy. Plants from five morphological groups were collected, covering a large part of the geographical distribution of most of the species. Two major clades were found in the phylogenetic tree, and an additional lineage, corresponding to P. inflata, was found in the haplotype network obtained for plastid markers. All three lineages are clearly delimited geographically, but, with the exception of P. inflata, the morphological groups were not genetically distinct. Our results suggest that a population expansion after a size reduction resulted in the establishment of two distinct and allopatric groups c. 0.5 Mya, one group occurring in a geologically ancient area, and the other occurring in areas that were under the influence of a series of marine transgressions/regressions at the end of the Pleistocene. These two clades are evolutionarily significant units with significantly different allele frequencies in their nuclear genome and reciprocal monophyly in maternal, uniparentally inherited markers. All our results suggest that the morphology‐based taxonomy in this group does not reflect its evolutionary history, and revision of its species limits should incorporate the distribution of the genetic diversity. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 174 , 199–213. 相似文献
44.
The impact of hydromorphological restoration on river ecological status: a comparison of fish, benthic invertebrates, and macrophytes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) has led to an increase in hydromorphological restoration attempts in European rivers, but data on the ecological responses of rivers to these restoration attempts are scarce. We investigated the effects of 24 hydromorphological river restoration projects in Germany. We compared hydromorphological parameters and biological diversity of macroinvertebrates, fish, and macrophytes in restored reaches to nearby unrestored sections. We applied, for the first time, the WFD to assess the results of these restoration projects. While hydromorphology changed significantly in the restored sections, differences between restored and unrestored sections in terms of biological parameters were lower. Positive restoration effects were observed for fish (11 of 24 cases) only. Based on the synthesis of results from the different organism groups, only one of the 24 restored sections reached a “good” Ecological Quality Class as demanded by the WFD. Our results indicate that stressors other than hydromorphological degradation still affect the biota in restored sections. We emphasize the need for advanced restoration strategies based on catchment analyses considering water pollution, source populations, and dispersal capacities of sensitive species, and recommend the inclusion of additional parameters, including societal and stakeholder perspectives, in assessing the initial success of restoration projects. 相似文献
45.
46.
Yue Li Steven M. Shea Christine H. Lorenz Hangyi Jiang Ming-Chung Chou Susumu Mori 《PloS one》2013,8(10)
Due to the high sensitivity of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to physiological motion, clinical DTI scans often suffer a significant amount of artifacts. Tensor-fitting-based, post-processing outlier rejection is often used to reduce the influence of motion artifacts. Although it is an effective approach, when there are multiple corrupted data, this method may no longer correctly identify and reject the corrupted data. In this paper, we introduce a new criterion called “corrected Inter-Slice Intensity Discontinuity” (cISID) to detect motion-induced artifacts. We compared the performance of algorithms using cISID and other existing methods with regard to artifact detection. The experimental results show that the integration of cISID into fitting-based methods significantly improves the retrospective detection performance at post-processing analysis. The performance of the cISID criterion, if used alone, was inferior to the fitting-based methods, but cISID could effectively identify severely corrupted images with a rapid calculation time. In the second part of this paper, an outlier rejection scheme was implemented on a scanner for real-time monitoring of image quality and reacquisition of the corrupted data. The real-time monitoring, based on cISID and followed by post-processing, fitting-based outlier rejection, could provide a robust environment for routine DTI studies. 相似文献
47.
Itten René Hischier Roland Andrae Anders S. G. Bieser Jan C. T. Cabernard Livia Falke Annemarie Ferreboeuf Hugues Hilty Lorenz M. Keller Regula L. Lees-Perasso Etienne Preist Chris Stucki Matthias 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2020,25(10):2093-2098
The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - 相似文献
48.
49.
Urs Duthaler Michael Weber Lorenz Hofer Carlos Chaccour Marta Maia Pie Müller Stephan Krhenbühl Felix Hammann 《PLoS pathogens》2021,17(3)
Mosquitoes are vectors of major diseases such as dengue fever and malaria. Mass drug administration of endectocides to humans and livestock is a promising complementary approach to current insecticide-based vector control measures. The aim of this study was to establish an insect model for pharmacokinetic and drug-drug interaction studies to develop sustainable endectocides for vector control. Female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were fed with human blood containing either ivermectin alone or ivermectin in combination with ketoconazole, rifampicin, ritonavir, or piperonyl butoxide. Drug concentrations were quantified by LC-MS/MS at selected time points post-feeding. Primary pharmacokinetic parameters and extent of drug-drug interactions were calculated by pharmacometric modelling. Lastly, the drug effect of the treatments was examined. The mosquitoes could be dosed with a high precision (%CV: ≤13.4%) over a range of 0.01–1 μg/ml ivermectin without showing saturation (R2: 0.99). The kinetics of ivermectin were characterised by an initial lag phase of 18.5 h (CI90%: 17.0–19.8 h) followed by a slow zero-order elimination rate of 5.5 pg/h (CI90%: 5.1–5.9 pg/h). By contrast, ketoconazole, ritonavir, and piperonyl butoxide were immediately excreted following first order elimination, whereas rifampicin accumulated over days in the mosquitoes. Ritonavir increased the lag phase of ivermectin by 11.4 h (CI90%: 8.7–14.2 h) resulting in an increased exposure (+29%) and an enhanced mosquitocidal effect. In summary, this study shows that the pharmacokinetics of drugs can be investigated and modulated in an Ae. aegypti animal model. This may help in the development of novel vector-control interventions and further our understanding of toxicology in arthropods. 相似文献
50.
Wolfgang Lorenz Constanze Buhrmann Ali Mobasheri Cora Lueders Mehdi Shakibaei 《Arthritis research & therapy》2013,15(5):R111