宁波天童森林公园蝶类资源及区系组成

在1990－2001年间对宁波天童国家森林公园的蝶类资源进行了调查,共采集到蝶类68种,隶属于9科52属。其中,东洋种29种,古北种5种,东洋、古北共有种34种,分别占总数的42.6%、7．4％和50．0％,表明该地区蝴蝶以东洋界种类为主要成分。同时还记述了各种蝴蝶的学名和寄主。     

An in vivo experimental system to study sugar phloem unloading in ripening grape berries during water deficiency stress

An in vivo experimental system-called the 'berry-cup' technique-was developed to study sugar phloem unloading and the accumulation of sugar in ripening grape berries. The berry-cup system consists of a single peeled grape berry immersed in a buffer solution in a cup prepared from a polypropylene syringe. A small cross-incision (2 mm in length) is made on the stylar remnant of a berry during its ripening phase, the skin of the berry then being easily peeled off, exposing the dorsal vascular bundles without damaging either these or the pulp tissue of the berry. The sites of sugar phloem unloading are thus made directly accessible and may be regulated by the buffer solution. In addition, the unloaded photoassimilates are easily transported into the buffer solution in the berry-cup. With the berry-cup technique, it takes 60 min to purge the sugar already present in the apoplast, after which the amount of sugar in the buffer solution is a direct measure of the sugar unloading from the grape berry phloem. The optimum times for sampling were 20 or 30 min, depending on the type of experiment. Sugar phloem unloading was significantly inhibited by the inclusion of either 7.5 mm NaF or 2.5 mm PCMB in the buffer solution. This study indicates that sugar phloem unloading in ripening grape berries is via the apoplastic network and that the process requires the input of energy. The system was shown to be an appropriate experimental system with which to study sugar phloem unloading in ripening grape berries, and was applied successfully to the study of berry sugar unloaded from grapevines subjected to water stress. The results showed that water deficiency inhibits sugar unloading in grape berries.     

Platelet‐rich plasma inhibits osteoblast apoptosis and actin cytoskeleton disruption induced by gingipains through upregulating integrin β1

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of platelet‐rich plasma on gingipain‐caused changes in cell morphology and apoptosis of osteoblasts. Mouse osteoblasts MC3T3‐E1 cells were treated with gingipain extracts from Porphyromonas gingivalis in the presence or absence of platelet‐rich plasma. Apoptosis was detected with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling staining. F‐actin was determined by phalloidin‐fluorescent staining and observed under confocal microscopy. Western blot analysis was used to detect integrin β1, F‐actin, and G‐actin protein expressions. A knocking down approach was used to determine the role of integrin β1. The platelet‐rich plasma protected osteoblasts from gingipain‐induced apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner, accompanied by upregulation of integrin β1. Platelet‐rich plasma reversed the loss of F‐actin integrity and decrease of F‐actin/G‐actin ratio in osteoblasts in the presence of gingipains. By contrast, the effects of platelet‐rich plasma were abrogated by knockdown of integrin β1. The platelet‐rich plasma failed to reduce cell apoptosis and reorganize the cytoskeleton after knockdown of integrin β1. In conclusion, platelet‐rich plasma inhibits gingipain‐induced osteoblast apoptosis and actin cytoskeleton disruption by upregulating integrin β1 expression.     

Fossil human remains from Bolomor Cave (Valencia, Spain)

Systematic excavations carried out since 1989 at Bolomor Cave have led to the recovery of four Pleistocene human fossil remains, consisting of a fibular fragment, two isolated teeth, and a nearly complete adult parietal bone. All of these specimens date to the late Middle and early Late Pleistocene (MIS 7-5e). The fibular fragment shows thick cortical bone, an archaic feature found in non-modern (i.e. non-Homo sapiens) members of the genus Homo. Among the dental remains, the lack of a midtrigonid crest in the M₁ represents a departure from the morphology reported for the majority of Neandertal specimens, while the large dimensions and pronounced shoveling of the marginal ridges in the C¹ are similar to other European Middle and late Pleistocene fossils. The parietal bone is very thick, with dimensions that generally fall above Neandertal fossils and resemble more closely the Middle Pleistocene Atapuerca (SH) adult specimens. Based on the presence of archaic features, all the fossils from Bolomor are attributed to the Neandertal evolutionary lineage.     

Molecular regulation of both dietary vitamin A and fatty acid absorption and metabolism associated with larval morphogenesis of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis)

The present study aimed to deepen the understanding of molecular mechanisms governing the absorption and metabolism of some nutrients, growth and development in larvae of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) fed with Artemia enriched with Easy Selco© (ES, INVE) or Aquagrow Gold© (AGG, ABN), which mainly differed in their vitamin A (VA) content and fatty acid composition. The expression profile of genes involved in VA metabolism (crbp2, rbp, crabp1), lipid transport (i-fabp, l-fabp), nuclear receptors for VA and fatty acids (rarα1, rxrα, pparβ), growth (igf1, igf2 and their receptor igf1r) and development (bgp) was analyzed at 22, 30 and 38 days post hatching. The main results suggested that the amount of VA absorbed by larvae is controlled at the intestinal level by crbp2 in both groups, preventing excessive accumulation of this vitamin in the target tissues. The stable expression of i-fabp in the ES group with age could cause an excessive fat accumulation in the intestine inducing, in turn, the steatosis found in the liver and vascular system of these specimens. In liver, the regulation of rbp and fabp expression reflected the status of the physiological functions demanding VA and lipids. The findings revealed that dietary composition induced different strategies for VA and lipid absorption and metabolism affecting, in turn, larval development, growth and health.     

鹰鹃对白腹短翅鸲的巢寄生

2015年4~8月,在贵州宽阔水国家级自然保护区,记录到1巢白腹短翅鸲(Hodgsonius phaenicuroides)被鹰鹃(Cuculus sparverioides)寄生,寄生率为1/16(n=16)。发现时白腹短翅鸲巢内有1枚白色的寄生卵和2枚蓝色的寄主卵,且卵已凉,疑为亲鸟弃巢。鹰鹃卵重6.09 g,卵大小20.20 mm×27.73 mm;两枚白腹短翅鸲的卵重分别为2.34 g和2.40 g,大小分别为20.05 mm×14.94 mm和19.95 mm×15.09 mm。鹰鹃的卵重量(6.09 g)和大小(27.73 mm×20.20 mm)均明显大于白腹短翅鸲的卵。卵色光谱测量结果表明,鹰鹃和白腹短翅鸲卵色的反射光谱图差别明显,鹰鹃卵在色度和色调上明显低于白腹短翅鸲,但卵色亮度却明显比白腹短翅鸲卵高,为典型的非模拟寄生卵。     

Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and risk of new-onset diabetes among tacrolimus-treated renal transplanted patients

Background and aims

Tacrolimus (Tac) is an immunosuppressive drug widely used to avoid organ rejection. New-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) is a major complication among transplanted patients who receive Tac. The increased risk for NODAT could be partly mediated by the effect of Tac on mitochondria from pancreatic beta-cells. Common and rare mitochondrial DNA variants have been linked to the risk of diabetes. Our aim was to determine whether mtDNA polymorphisms/haplogroups were associated with NODAT in Tac-treated kidney transplanted.

Methods

Seven polymorphisms that define the common European haplogroups were determined in 115 NODAT and 197 no-NODAT patients.

Results

Haplogroup H was significantly more frequent in the NODAT group (50% vs. 35%; p = 0.01, OR = 1.82). There was no difference between patients without and with (n = 106) D2M prior to the transplant.

Conclusions

Mitochondrial haplogroup H was associated with the risk for NODAT among Tac-treated transplanted patients. The reported differences between the mtDNA variants could explain the increased NODAT-risk among H-patients.