23XZ4ST超薄型铝金属窗X线像增强管

由于采用厚膜碘化铯屏,高致密输出屏,超薄型铝金属窗以及消反射玻璃等先进技术,从而使２３ＸＺ４ＳＴ Ｘ线像增强管在噪志和ＭＴＦ值方面获得明显改善。     

Analysis of ammonia loss mechanisms in microbial fuel cells treating animal wastewater

Ammonia losses during swine wastewater treatment were examined using single- and two-chambered microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Ammonia removal was 60% over 5 days for a single-chamber MFC with the cathode exposed to air (air-cathode), versus 69% over 13 days from the anode chamber in a two-chamber MFC with a ferricyanide catholyte. In both types of systems, ammonia losses were accelerated with electricity generation. For the air-cathode system, our results suggest that nitrogen losses during electricity generation were increased due to ammonia volatilization with conversion of ammonium ion to the more volatile ammonia species as a result of an elevated pH near the cathode (where protons are consumed). This loss mechanism was supported by abiotic tests (applied voltage of 1.1 V). In a two-chamber MFC, nitrogen losses were primarily due to ammonium ion diffusion through the membrane connecting the anode and cathode chambers. This loss was higher with electricity generation as the rate of ammonium transport was increased by charge transfer across the membrane. Ammonia was not found to be used as a substrate for electricity generation, as intermittent ammonia injections did not produce power. The ammonia-oxidizing bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea was found on the cathode electrode of the single-chamber system, supporting evidence of biological nitrification, but anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were not detected by molecular analyses. It is concluded that ammonia losses from the anode chamber were driven primarily by physical-chemical factors that are increased with electricity generation, although some losses may occur through biological nitrification and denitrification.     

Source Apportionment of Trace Element Pollution in Surface Sediments Using Positive Matrix Factorization Combined Support Vector Machines: Application to the Jinjiang River, China

In this study, a method of positive matrix factorization (PMF) combined support vector machines (SVMs) was adopted to identify possible sources and apportion contributions for trace element pollution in surface sediments from the Jinjiang River, Southeastern China. Utilizing diagnostics tools, four significant factors were extracted from sediment samplers, which were collected in December 2010 at 15 different sites. By treating source identification as a pattern recognition problem, the factor loadings derived from PMF were classified by SVM classifiers which have been trained and validated with fingerprints of eight potential source categories. Using SVM, industrial wastewater from lead ore mining and metal handcraft manufacture, atmospheric deposition, and natural background were identified as main sources of trace element pollution in surface sediments from the Jinjiang River, which were affirmed by visually comparing compound patterns and the differences between the predicted and actual fractional compositions. Apportionment results showed that source of lead ore mining made the largest contribution (33.62 %), followed by atmospheric deposition (30.99 %), metal handcraft manufacture (30.09 %), and natural background (5.29 %).     

肝X受体α在泡沫细胞胆固醇流出中的调控作用

以THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞为研究对象,观察肝X受体α(LXRα)在THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇流出中的调控作用.结果发现,22(R)-羟基胆固醇剂量依赖性增加THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇流出, 而DIDS剂量依赖性减少THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇流出.逆转录聚合酶链反应显示, 22(R)-羟基胆固醇可增加THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞LXRα mRNA的表达, DIDS可抑制THP-1巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞LXRα mRNA的表达.结果提示,LXRα在巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞胆固醇流出中起着重要的调控作用,这为开发和寻找抗动脉粥样硬化药物提供了新的思路.     

安徽省农田水分利用效率时空特征及其与气候因子的关系

生态系统水分利用效率(Water Use Efficiency,WUE)是衡量碳水循环耦合程度的重要指标,估算安徽省农田生态系统的WUE并分析其时空变异规律,探究其影响因素,对该区域农田水资源的科学配置和合理利用有着重要的意义。基于MODIS遥感数据和气象数据,分析安徽省近15年农田WUE的年际、年内时空变化特征以及与气候因子的关系,研究表明:(1) 2000—2014年间安徽省农田WUE的变化范围为1.38—1.66 g C mm~(-1)m~(-2),多年均值为1.54 g C mm~(-1)m~(-2),整体上农田WUE年际呈现增长变化趋势,变化率为0.011 g C mm~(-1)m~(-2);具有较强的空间分异性规律,整体上呈现北高南低趋势,淮河以北各市的农田WUE较高,高于全省多年均值,淮河以南地区的农田WUE则低于全省水平。(2)安徽省农田WUE的年内变化呈现双峰型变化格局,具有明显的季节性差异,表现为春季秋季夏季冬季;以淮河为界,南北各市变化趋势略有不同,淮河以南地区的最大值在4月份,淮河以北则以3月份为最高。(3)安徽省农田WUE动态变化受到气候因子降雨影响的区域占比17.14%;气温影响的区域占比0.73%;降雨和气温综合影响所占0.71%,而农田WUE与气温和降雨影响均不显著的区域占比为81.42%;因此,气候因素中降雨在安徽省农田WUE的变化中起主导作用,由于人为因素的干预,非气候因素对农田WUE变化的影响更大。     

Plant functional diversity enhances associations of soil fungal diversity with vegetation and soil in the restoration of semiarid sandy grassland

The trait‐based approach shows that plant functional diversity strongly affects ecosystem properties. However, few empirical studies show the relationship between soil fungal diversity and plant functional diversity in natural ecosystems. We investigated soil fungal diversity along a restoration gradient of sandy grassland (mobile dune, semifixed dune, fixed dune, and grassland) in Horqin Sand Land, northern China, using the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 18S rRNA and gene sequencing. We also examined associations of soil fungal diversity with plant functional diversity reflected by the dominant species' traits in community (community‐weighted mean, CWM) and the dispersion of functional trait values (FD_is). We further used the structure equation model (SEM) to evaluate how plant richness, biomass, functional diversity, and soil properties affect soil fungal diversity in sandy grassland restoration. Soil fungal richness in mobile dune and semifixed dune was markedly lower than those of fixed dune and grassland (P < 0.05). Soil fungal richness was positively associated with plant richness, biomass, CWM plant height, and soil gradient aggregated from the principal component analysis, but SEM results showed that plant richness and CWM plant height determined by soil properties were the main factors exerting direct effects. Soil gradient increased fungal richness through indirect effect on vegetation rather than direct effect. The negative indirect effect of FDis on soil fungal richness was through its effect on plant biomass. Our final SEM model based on plant functional diversity explained nearly 70% variances of soil fungal richness. Strong association of soil fungal richness with the dominant species in the community supported the mass ratio hypothesis. Our results clearly highlight the role of plant functional diversity in enhancing associations of soil fungal diversity with community structure and soil properties in sandy grassland ecosystems.     

鸬鹚雏鸟的生长发育

对青海省青海湖国家级自然保护区内鸬鹚（Phalacrocorax carbo)雏鸟的生长发育进行了观察和研究。结果表明,在发育过程中,鸬鹚雏鸟跗足迹和嘴峰的发育早于翅和尾;通过体长与其它各生长指标的相对生长指数的计算。得出跗足迹和翅长的生长比体长快,嘴峰和尾长的生长比体长慢,另外,根据各生长指标特性的变化,将整个生长期划分为0-9日龄,10-23日龄,24-33日龄和34-离巢出飞4个生长阶段。