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41.
Hybrid breeding in autogamous cereals 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
CF Longin J Mühleisen HP Maurer H Zhang M Gowda JC Reif 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2012,125(6):1087-1096
Hybrid breeding in autogamous cereals has a long history of attempts with moderate success. There is a vast amount of literature investigating the potential problems and solutions, but until now, market share of hybrids is still a niche compared to line varieties. Our aim was to summarize the status quo of hybrid breeding efforts for the autogamous cereals wheat, rice, barley, and triticale. Furthermore, the research needs for a successful hybrid breeding in autogamous cereals are intensively discussed. To our opinion, the basic requirements for a successful hybrid breeding in autogamous cereals are fulfilled. Nevertheless, optimization of the existing hybridization systems is urgently required and should be coupled with the development of clear male and female pool concepts. We present a quantitative genetic framework as a first step to compare selection gain of hybrid versus line breeding. The lack of precise empirical estimates of relevant quantitative genetic parameters, however, is currently the major bottleneck for a robust evaluation of the potential of hybrid breeding in autogamous cereals. 相似文献
42.
Background
Binding of serum components by surface M-related proteins, encoded by the emm genes, in streptococci constitutes a major virulence factor in this important group of organisms. The present study demonstrates fibrinogen binding by S. iniae, a Lancefield non-typeable pathogen causing devastating fish losses in the aquaculture industry and an opportunistic pathogen of humans, and identifies the proteins involved and their encoding genes. 相似文献43.
M. Rapp V. Lein F. Lacoudre J. Lafferty E. Müller G. Vida V. Bozhanova A. Ibraliu P. Thorwarth H. P. Piepho W. L. Leiser T. Würschum C. F. H. Longin 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2018,131(6):1315-1329
Key message
Simultaneous improvement of protein content and grain yield by index selection is possible but its efficiency largely depends on the weighting of the single traits. The genetic architecture of these indices is similar to that of the primary traits.Abstract
Grain yield and protein content are of major importance in durum wheat breeding, but their negative correlation has hampered their simultaneous improvement. To account for this in wheat breeding, the grain protein deviation (GPD) and the protein yield were proposed as targets for selection. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential of different indices to simultaneously improve grain yield and protein content in durum wheat and to evaluate their genetic architecture towards genomics-assisted breeding. To this end, we investigated two different durum wheat panels comprising 159 and 189 genotypes, which were tested in multiple field locations across Europe and genotyped by a genotyping-by-sequencing approach. The phenotypic analyses revealed significant genetic variances for all traits and heritabilities of the phenotypic indices that were in a similar range as those of grain yield and protein content. The GPD showed a high and positive correlation with protein content, whereas protein yield was highly and positively correlated with grain yield. Thus, selecting for a high GPD would mainly increase the protein content whereas a selection based on protein yield would mainly improve grain yield, but a combination of both indices allows to balance this selection. The genome-wide association mapping revealed a complex genetic architecture for all traits with most QTL having small effects and being detected only in one germplasm set, thus limiting the potential of marker-assisted selection for trait improvement. By contrast, genome-wide prediction appeared promising but its performance strongly depends on the relatedness between training and prediction sets.44.
Evolution at the tip and base of the X chromosome in an African population of Drosophila melanogaster 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hitchhiking effects of advantageous mutations have been invoked to explain
reduced polymorphism in regions of low crossing-over in Drosophila. Besides
reducing DNA heterozygosity, hitchhiking effects should produce strong
linkage disequilibrium and a frequency spectrum skewed toward an excess of
rare polymorphisms (compared to the neutral expectation). We measured DNA
polymorphism in a Zimbabwe population of D. melanogaster at three loci,
yellow, achaete, and suppressor of forked, located in regions of reduced
crossing-over. Similar to previously published surveys of these genomic
regions in other populations, we observed low levels of nucleotide
variability. However, the frequency spectrum was compatible with a neutral
model, and there was abundant evidence for recombination in the history of
the yellow and ac genes. Thus, some aspects of the data cannot be accounted
for by a simple hitchhiking model. An alternative hypothesis, background
selection, might be compatible with the observed patterns of linkage
disequilibrium and the frequency spectrum. However, this model cannot
account for the observed reduction in nucleotide heterozygosity. Thus,
there is currently no satisfactory theoretical model for the data from the
tip and base of the X chromosome in D. melanogaster.
相似文献
45.
Ultrastructure and extreme heat resistance of spores from thermophilic Clostridium species 总被引:8,自引:3,他引:5
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The heat resistance and ultrastructural features of spore suspensions prepared from Clostridium thermocellum LQRI, Clostridium thermosulfurogenes 4B, and Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum 39E were compared as a function of decimal reduction time. The decimal reduction times at 121 degrees C for strains LQRI, 4B, and 39E were 0.5, 2.5, and 11 min. The higher degree of spore heat resistance was associated with a spore architecture displaying a thicker cortex layer. Heat resistance of these spores was proportional to the ratio of spore cortex volume to cytoplasmic volume. These ratios for spores of strains LQRI, 4B, and 39E were 1.4, 1.6, and 6.6, respectively. The extreme heat resistance and autoclavable nature of C. thermohydrosulfuricum spores under routine sterilization procedures is suggested as a common cause of laboratory contamination with pure cultures of thermophilic, saccharide-fermenting anaerobes. 相似文献
46.
Isolation of an Escherichia coli K-12 Mutant Strain Able To Form Biofilms on Inert Surfaces: Involvement of a New ompR Allele That Increases Curli Expression 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Olivier Vidal Robert Longin Claire Prigent-Combaret Corinne Dorel Michel Hooreman Philippe Lejeune 《Journal of bacteriology》1998,180(9):2442-2449
Classical laboratory strains of Escherichia coli do not spontaneously colonize inert surfaces. However, when maintained in continuous culture for evolution studies or industrial processes, these strains usually generate adherent mutants which form a thick biofilm, visible with the naked eye, on the wall of the culture apparatus. Such a mutant was isolated to identify the genes and morphological structures involved in biofilm formation in the very well characterized E. coli K-12 context. This mutant acquired the ability to colonize hydrophilic (glass) and hydrophobic (polystyrene) surfaces and to form aggregation clumps. A single point mutation, resulting in the replacement of a leucine by an arginine residue at position 43 in the regulatory protein OmpR, was responsible for this phenotype. Observations by electron microscopy revealed the presence at the surfaces of the mutant bacteria of fibrillar structures looking like the particular fimbriae described by the Olsén group and designated curli (A. Olsén, A. Jonsson, and S. Normark, Nature 338:652–655, 1989). The production of curli (visualized by Congo red binding) and the expression of the csgA gene encoding curlin synthesis (monitored by coupling a reporter gene to its promoter) were significantly increased in the presence of the ompR allele described in this work. Transduction of knockout mutations in either csgA or ompR caused the loss of the adherence properties of several biofilm-forming E. coli strains, including all those which were isolated in this work from the wall of a continuous culture apparatus and two clinical strains isolated from patients with catheter-related infections. These results indicate that curli are morphological structures of major importance for inert surface colonization and biofilm formation and demonstrate that their synthesis is under the control of the EnvZ-OmpR two-component regulatory system. 相似文献
47.
Tempo and mode of concerted evolution in the L1 repeat family of mice 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Martin SL; Voliva CF; Hardies SC; Edgell MH; Hutchison CA d 《Molecular biology and evolution》1985,2(2):127-140
A 300-bp DNA sequence has been determined for 30 (10 from each of three
species of mice) random isolates of a subset of the long interspersed
repeat family L1. From these data we conclude that members of the L1 family
are evolving in concert at the DNA sequence level in Mus domesticus, Mus
caroli, and Mus platythrix. The mechanism responsible for this phenomenon
may be either duplicative transposition, gene conversion, or a combination
of the two. The amount of intraspecies divergence averages 4.4%, although
between species base substitutions accumulate at the rate of approximately
0.85%/Myr to a maximum divergence of 9.1% between M. platythrix and both M.
domesticus and M. caroli. Parsimony analysis reveals that the M. platythrix
L1 family has evolved into a distinct clade in the 10-12 Myr since M.
platythrix last shared a common ancestor with M. domesticus and M. caroli.
The parsimony tree also provides a means to derive the average half-life of
L1 sequences in the genome. The rates of gain and loss of individual copies
of L1 were estimated to be approximately equal, such that approximately
one-half of them turn over every 3.3 Myr.
相似文献
48.
While it is generally assumed that Indo-Pacific reefs are not widely affected by diseases, limited data suggest a number of diseases and syndromes that appear to differ from those currently under study in the Caribbean. This report presents the results of a baseline survey of coral diseases in 2 regions in the Philippines: the Central Visayas and the Lingayen Gulf. Mean prevalence for all diseases observed was 8.3 +/- 1.2% (mean +/- SE; n = 8 reefs), with Central Visayas reefs showing higher disease prevalence (11.6 +/- 2.8%; n = 4 reefs) than those of Lingayen Gulf (5.1 +/- 1.4%; n = 4 reefs). Five diseases and syndromes were described; 3 of these-Porites ulcerative white spot disease (PUWS) (prevalence = 8.96 +/- 2.2%), tumors (prevalence = 1.0 +/- 0.5%) and pigmentation response (prevalence = 0.5 +/- 0.2%)--occurred frequently in both regions and targeted the genus Porites. Correlation between disease prevalence and number of Porites colonies was fairly strong (r2 = 43.4), though not significant, and no correlation was seen between prevalence and either the amount or diversity of hard coral. Porites is a major reef-builder in the Indo-Pacific comprising 30% of hard coral colonies on our surveyed reefs, and is generally thought to be a hardy, long-lived genus. Diseases targeting this robust group present an as yet unquantified risk to Philippine reefs and could result in major changes in reef structure. 相似文献
49.
Polymorphism and divergence at the 5' flanking region of the sex- determining locus, Sry, in mice 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
We have investigated patterns of evolution in the nonrecombining portion of
the Y chromosome in mice by comparing levels of polymorphism within Mus
domesticus with levels of divergence between M. domesticus and M. spretus.
A 1,277-bp fragment of noncoding sequence flanking the sex determining
locus (Sry) was PCR amplified, and 1,063 bases were sequenced and compared
among 20 M. domesticus and 1 M. spretus. Two polymorphic base substitutions
and two polymorphic insertion/deletion sites were identified within M.
domesticus; nucleotide diversity was estimated to be 0.1%. Divergence
between M. domesticus and M. spretus for this region (1.9%) was slightly
lower than the average divergence of single-copy nuclear DNA for these
species. Comparison of levels of polymorphism and divergence at Sry with
levels of polymorphism and divergence in the mitochondrial DNA control
region provided no evidence of a departure from the expectations of neutral
molecular evolution. These findings are consistent with the presumed lack
of function for much of the Y chromosome.
相似文献
50.
Romain Lasseur Christiane Longin‐Sauvageon Bernadette Videmann Mikaëline Billeret Philippe Berny Etienne Benoit 《Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology》2006,19(6):379-385
A warfarin‐resistant strain and a warfarin‐susceptible strain of wild rats (Rattus norvegicus) maintained in enclosures of the National Veterinary School of Lyon (France) were studied to determine the mechanism of the resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides. A low vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKOR) activity has been reported for many resistant rat strains. As recently suggested, mutations in the vitamin K epoxide reductase subunit 1 (VKORC1) gene are the genetic basis of anticoagulant resistance in wild populations of rats from various locations in Europe. Here we report, for our strain, one of the seven described mutations (Tyr139Phe) for VKORC1 in rats. In addition, a low expression of mRNA encoding VKORC1 gene is observed in resistant rats, which could explain their low VKOR activity. We calculated kinetic parameters of VKOR in the warfarin‐resistant and warfarin‐susceptible rats. The Vmax and the Km of the VKOR obtained in resistant rats were lowered by 57 and 77%, respectively, compared to those obtained in susceptible rats. As a consequence, the enzymatic efficiency (Vm/Km) of the VKOR was similar between resistant and susceptible rats. This result could be a good explanation to the observation that no clinical signs of vitamin K deficiency was observed in the warfarin‐resistant strain, while a low VKOR activity was found. VKOR activity in warfarin‐resistant rats was poorly inhibited by warfarin (Ki for warfarin is 29 μM and 0.72 μM for resistant and susceptible rats, respectively). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:379‐385, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20104 相似文献