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91.
Nathaniel S. Watts Monica Pajuelo Taryn Clark Maria-Cristina I. Loader Manuela R. Verastegui Charles Sterling Jon S. Friedland Hector H. Garcia Robert H. Gilman for the Cysticercosis Working Group in Peru 《PloS one》2014,9(12)
Background
Neurocysticercosis is a leading cause of seizures and epilepsy in most of the world, and it occurs when Taenia solium larval cysts infect the central nervous system. T. solium tapeworm infection is endemic in much of Peru, but there are scarce data on the prevalence in many rural highland communities where it is likely to be hyper-endemic. Peace Corps Volunteers live and work in these communities; however, to our knowledge, they have not been used to facilitate public health research.Materials and Methods
We utilized Peace Corps Volunteers to estimate the prevalence of T. solium tapeworm infection in seven rural communities in northern Peru. A convenience non-random sampling frame was used. Peace Corps Volunteers facilitated the collection of stool samples (N = 2,328), which were analyzed by sedimentation and microscopy. Niclosamide treatment and purgation preceded species identification, which was done by PCR-REA.Results
Taenia sp. egg-positive stool samples were found in three of the seven communities we surveyed. The overall prevalence of Taenia sp. egg positivity was 2.1% (49/2,328) (95% CI = 1.6–2.8%) with prevalence up to 4.3% (42/977) (95% CI = 3.1–5.8%) by community. All 34 of the specimens tested by PCR-REA were T. solium. The overall prevalence of T. solium tapeworm infection was 1.5% (34/2,328) (95% CI = 1.0–2.0%). Prevalence up to 2.9% (28/977) (95% CI = 1.9–4.1%) by community was observed.Conclusion/Significance
This study recorded high T. solium tapeworm prevalence, and identified hyper-endemic rural communities. It demonstrates that synergy between researchers and Peace Corps Volunteers can be an effective means to conducting large-scale, community-based studies in remote areas of Peru. 相似文献92.
Background
High-throughput genotype (HTG) data has been used primarily in genome-wide association (GWA) studies; however, GWA results explain only a limited part of the complete genetic variation of traits. In systems genetics, network approaches have been shown to be able to identify pathways and their underlying causal genes to unravel the biological and genetic background of complex diseases and traits, e.g., the Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) method based on microarray gene expression data. The main objective of this study was to develop a scale-free weighted genetic interaction network method using whole genome HTG data in order to detect biologically relevant pathways and potential genetic biomarkers for complex diseases and traits.Results
We developed the Weighted Interaction SNP Hub (WISH) network method that uses HTG data to detect genome-wide interactions between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and its relationship with complex traits. Data dimensionality reduction was achieved by selecting SNPs based on its: 1) degree of genome-wide significance and 2) degree of genetic variation in a population. Network construction was based on pairwise Pearson's correlation between SNP genotypes or the epistatic interaction effect between SNP pairs. To identify modules the Topological Overlap Measure (TOM) was calculated, reflecting the degree of overlap in shared neighbours between SNP pairs. Modules, clusters of highly interconnected SNPs, were defined using a tree-cutting algorithm on the SNP dendrogram created from the dissimilarity TOM (1-TOM). Modules were selected for functional annotation based on their association with the trait of interest, defined by the Genome-wide Module Association Test (GMAT). We successfully tested the established WISH network method using simulated and real SNP interaction data and GWA study results for carcass weight in a pig resource population; this resulted in detecting modules and key functional and biological pathways related to carcass weight.Conclusions
We developed the WISH network method which is a novel 'systems genetics' approach to study genetic networks underlying complex trait variation. The WISH network method reduces data dimensionality and statistical complexity in associating genotypes with phenotypes in GWA studies and enables researchers to identify biologically relevant pathways and potential genetic biomarkers for any complex trait of interest.93.
Natalie J Thompson Linda JA Hendriks John de Kruif Mark Throsby Albert JR Heck 《MABS-AUSTIN》2014,6(1):197-203
Composite antibody mixtures designed to combat diseases present a new, rapidly emerging technology in the field of biopharmaceuticals. The combination of multiple antibodies can lead to increased effector response and limit the effect of escape variants that can propagate the disease. However, parallel development of analytical technologies is required to provide fast, thorough, accurate, and robust characterization of these mixtures. Here, we evaluate the utility of native mass spectrometry on an Orbitrap platform with high mass resolving power to characterize composite mixtures of up to 15 separate antibodies. With this technique, unambiguous identification of each antibody in the mixtures was achieved. Mass measurements of the intact antibodies varied 7 ppm on average, allowing highly reproducible identification and quantitation of each compound in these complex mixtures. We show that with the high mass-resolving power and robustness of this technology, high-resolution native mass spectrometry can be used efficiently even for batch-to-batch characterization. 相似文献
94.
Reina JA de Kinderen Danielle AJE Lambrechts Debby Postulart Alfons GH Kessels Jos GM Hendriksen Albert P Aldenkamp Marian HJM Majoie 《BMC neurology》2011,11(1):10
Background
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder, characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures which have a high impact on the individual as well as on society as a whole. In addition to the economic burden, epilepsy imposes a substantial burden on the patients and their surroundings. Patients with uncontrolled epilepsy depend heavily on informal care and on health care professionals. About 30% of patients suffer from drug-resistant epilepsy. The ketogenic diet can be a treatment of last resort, especially for children. The beneficial effect of the ketogenic diet has been proven, but information is lacking about its cost-effectiveness. In the current study we will evaluate the (cost-) effectiveness of the ketogenic diet in children and adolescents with intractable epilepsy. 相似文献95.
96.
Paweł JAŁOSZYŃSKI 《Entomological Science》2012,15(1):35-41
Scydmaenine beetles are commonly described as predators specialized in capturing and feeding on armored mites of the order Oribatida, and documented cases of feeding on other live arthropods have not been known. Based on laboratory observations and a broad choice of Acari (armored and soft‐bodied) and other soil arthropods, food preferences and associated behavior of two scydmaenine species are clarified and described. Adults of Scydmaenus tarsatus ignored oribatid and mesostigmatan mites, but readily attacked and fed on a soft‐bodied Rhizoglyphus sp. (Acaridae), and on small springtails, especially on Ceratophysella denticulata (Hypogastruridae). A water drinking behavior was observed for this species, not reported previously in any Staphylinidae. Scydmaenus hellwigii ignored all tested Acari (including Rhizoglyphus) and scavenged on dead neanurine collembolans or freshly cut pieces of large springtails; a long term culture was maintained by feeding beetles with isotomid springtails. Previously reported strict specialization of Scydmaenus as a predator on Oribatida was not confirmed and it is concluded that the studied species feed on live soft‐bodied organisms and scavenge on dead arthropods. 相似文献
97.
Phorbol ester activation of phospholipase D in human monocytes but not peripheral blood lymphocytes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S C Kinsky J E Loader S H Benedict 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》1989,162(2):788-793
Previous reports have shown that 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate can activate phospholipase D in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells as measured by an enzyme-catalyzed transphosphatidylation reaction (phosphatidylethanol formation). In the present study, the mononuclear cells were fractionated by two procedures to identify the responsive cells. Contrary to earlier suggestions, the results indicate that phorbol ester does not stimulate phospholipase D activity in normal lymphocytes. Thus, phosphatidylethanol was not produced by T lymphocytes (isolated by sheep erythrocyte rosette formation) or by a mixture of T and B lymphocytes (isolated by centrifugal elutriation). Under the same conditions, phorbol ester was able to activate phospholipse D in fractions that contained predominately monocytes. Preliminary experiments have further shown that phorbol ester does not induce phospholipase D activity in human T cell leukemic lines (MOLT-3, CEM, JURKAT, PEER) but can do so in some, but not all, B cell lines that have been infected with Epstein-Barr virus. 相似文献
98.
PAWEŁ JAŁOSZYŃSKI 《Systematic Entomology》2012,37(3):448-477
Neotropical genera of Cephenniini characterized by an additional leg ‘segment’ (‘trochantellus’) are revised, and the following new taxa are described: Shyri gen.n. , Shyri pichincha sp.n. (type species of Shyri) (Ecuador), Shyri perversus sp.n. (Ecuador), Shyri quitu sp.n. (Ecuador), Shyri microphthalmus sp.n. (Ecuador), Monstrophennium gen.n. (type species: Cephennium spinicolle Schaufuss), Furcodes gen.n. , Furcodes apicalis sp.n. (type species of Furcodes) (Mexico), Furcodes tutule sp.n. (Honduras), Paracephennium pumilio sp.n. (Costa Rica), Pseudocephennium iwokramanum sp.n. (Guyana), Pseudocephennium trilineatum sp.n. (Guyana), Pseudocephennium araguanum sp.n. (Venezuela), Pseudocephennium maximum sp.n. (Venezuela), Pseudocephennium peruvianum sp.n. (Peru), Pseudocephennium cochabambanum sp.n. (Bolivia), Pseudocephennium saramaccanum sp.n. (Suriname) and Pseudocephennium brokopondonum sp.n. (Suriname). Pseudocephennium spinicolle (Schaufuss) is transferred to Monstrophennium. Cladistic analysis of characters from adult morphology of all genera of Cephenniini and a large outgroup sample from Cyrtoscydmini, Eutheiini, Scydmaenini, Clidicini and Mastigini strongly supported the monophyly of Cephenniini. However, only the Cephennomicrus group comprising nine genera was strongly supported as a monophyletic clade, while only weak support was found for the previously suggested Cephennodes group and Cephennium group. Two alternative hypotheses concerning the phylogeny of Cephenniini are put forward and discussed: (i) the Cephennium group is sister to all remaining Cephenniini; or (ii) the Cephennomicrus group is sister to all remaining Cephenniini. The Neotropical genera with ‘trochantellus’ form a well‐supported clade derived from the ancestral lineage of the Cephennodes group. 相似文献
99.
Research in this laboratory is currently focused on the biochemical and pharmacological properties of liposomes in which an otherwise water-soluble drug is anchored to the lipid bilayers via an appropriate non-polar residue. To this end, we have synthesized three (I-III) methotrexate (MTX) derivatives of dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) by conjugation of the alpha and/or gamma glutamyl carboxyl groups of the drug with the amino function of the phospholipid. These derivatives have been characterized analytically and chromatographically as MTX-gamma-DMPE (I), MTX-alpha-DMPE (II), and MTX-alpha, gamma-diDMPE (III). The corresponding glycerophosphorylethanolamine analogs have also been prepared and identified. The biological activity of these compounds (as inhibitors of in vitro cell proliferation and dihydrofolate reductase) is described in the following paper. 相似文献
100.
JA Kiernan 《Biotechnic & histochemistry》2004,79(5):203-210
Hexazonium pararosaniline is a valuable reagent that has been used in enzyme activity histochemistry for 50 years. It is an aqueous solution containing the tris-diazonium ion derived from pararosaniline, an aminotriarylmethane dye, and it contains an excess of nitrous acid that was not consumed in the diazotization reaction. Other investigators have found that immersion for 2 min in an acidic (pH 3.5) 0.0015 M hexazonium pararosaniline solution can protect cryostat sections of unfixed animal tissues from the deleterious effects of aqueous reagents such as buffered solutions used in immunohistochemistry, while preserving specific affinities for antibodies. In the present investigation hexazonium pararosaniline protected lymphoid tissue and striated muscle against the damaging effects of water or saline. The same protection was conferred on unfixed sections treated with dilute nitrous or hydrochloric acid in concentrations similar to those in hexazonium pararosaniline solutions. Model tissues (solutions, gels or films containing gelatin and/or bovine albumin) responded predictably to well known cross-linking (formaldehyde) or coagulant (mercuric chloride) fixatives. Hexazonium pararosaniline solutions prevented the dissolution of protein gels in water only after 9 or more days of contact, during which time considerable swelling occurred. It is concluded that there is no evidence for a “fixative” action of hexazonium pararosaniline. The protective effect on frozen sections of unfixed tissue is attributable probably to the low pH of the solution. 相似文献