The synthesis and decomposition of 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(N-nitroso)acetamido-α- and β-D-glucopyranose

The synthesis of 1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-(N-nitroso)acetamido-α- and β-D-glucopyranose is described. Decomposition of the α-nitrosoamide in chloroform containing 2% of ethanol at room temperature afforded β-D-glucopyranose pentaacetate and ethyl β-D-glucopyranoside tetraacetate as major products, the former predominating. Reaction in 1:5 (v/v) acetic acid—acetic anhydride containing sodium acetate also gave β-D-glucose pentaacetate as major product, together with 1,1,3,4,6-penta-O-acetyl-2,5-anhydro-D-mannose aldehydrol. Decompositions of both α and β-nitrosoamides in 1:1 (v/v) acetone—water gave mainly 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2,5-anhydro-D-mannose and its aldehydrol form. The synthesis, from 2,5-anhydro-D-mannose, of four new derivatives is also reported.     

An alternatively-spliced exon in the 5'-UTR of human ALAS1 mRNA inhibits translation and renders it resistant to haem-mediated decay

Haem controls its own synthesis in non-erythroid cells primarily by regulation of ALAS1 mRNA stability. Alternative splicing of human ALAS1 generates two mRNAs with different 5'-UTRs: a major one, where exon 1B is omitted, and a minor form containing exon 1B. We show that, unlike the major ALAS1 mRNA, the minor form was resistant to haem-mediated decay. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the ALAS1 5'-UTR alone did not confer haem-mediated decay upon a heterologous mRNA and the inclusion of exon 1B inhibited translation. These data suggest that translation of ALAS1 mRNA itself might be required for destabilisation in response to haem.     

Relationship of In Vivo MR Parameters to Histopathological and Molecular Characteristics of Newly Diagnosed,Nonenhancing Lower-Grade Gliomas

The goal of this research was to elucidate the relationship between WHO 2016 molecular classifications of newly diagnosed, nonenhancing lower grade gliomas (LrGG), tissue sample histopathology, and magnetic resonance (MR) parameters derived from diffusion, perfusion, and ¹H spectroscopic imaging from the tissue sample locations and the entire tumor. A total of 135 patients were scanned prior to initial surgery, with tumor cellularity scores obtained from 88 image-guided tissue samples. MR parameters were obtained from corresponding sample locations, and histograms of normalized MR parameters within the T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery lesion were analyzed in order to evaluate differences between subgroups. For tissue samples, higher tumor scores were related to increased normalized apparent diffusion coefficient (nADC), lower fractional anisotropy (nFA), lower cerebral blood volume (nCBV), higher choline (nCho), and lower N-acetylaspartate (nNAA). Within the T2 lesion, higher tumor grade was associated with higher nADC, lower nFA, and higher Cho to NAA index. Pathological analysis confirmed that diffusion and metabolic parameters increased and perfusion decreased with tumor cellularity. This information can be used to select targets for tissue sampling and to aid in making decisions about treating residual disease.     

MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA ANALYSES AND THE ORIGIN AND RELATIVE AGE OF PARTHENOGENETIC LIZARDS (GENUS CNEMIDOPHORUS). II. C. NEOMEXICANUS AND THE C. TESSELATUS COMPLEX

Restriction-endonuclease analyses of mitochondrial DNAs from all six color-pattern classes (A–F) of the parthenogenetic lizard Cnemidophorus tesselatus yield estimates of nucleotide divergence that are extremely low (π = 0.06%). In digests of 75 C. tesselatus mtDNAs with 20 different restriction enzymes, only four cleavage-site differences were noted, three of which were found only in pattern class F. The near-identity of these mitochondrial DNAs with those from C. tigris marmoratus shows unequivocally that C. t. marmoratus was the species to which the maternal parent(s) of all C. tesselatus belonged. Mitochondrial-DNA analyses of another unisexual species, C. neomexicanus, led to the same conclusion. Mitochondrial DNAs from 96 individuals of these three species were extensively analyzed for cleavage-site differences; only 13 were found. The low interspecific sequence diversity found within C. neomexicanus and the C. tesselatus complex suggests a recent origin for both. Based on diversity data for mitochondrial DNA and allozymes, we estimate that a minimum of two hybridizations were required to produce all diploid C. tesselatus (C–F), followed by at least two more to generate the triploids (A and B). These data and those presented in the two accompanying papers indicate that events leading to parthenogenesis in Cnemidophorus are rare and strengthen the hypothesis that interspecific hybridization is a necessary, causal event in its establishment.     

Biology and energetics of the gall inducing aphids Aphis pomi and Dysaphis devecta

Larval growth, reproduction and energetics of Aphis pomi was determined for apterae living and feeding in the newly formed and 2 or 3 week old pseudogalls. Aphids were reared on stems and mature leaves. Similar investigations were undertaken with apterous Dysaphis devecta in its own gall and with the alatiform living in the aptera gall or on young leaves.The beneficial effect of feeding in galls is soon lost because aptera growth rate is 0.015 dry mg day^–1 in young galls but falls to 0.0045 dry mg day^–1 in older galls, a decline of 30%. Larval life is correspondingly extended by 50%. Mean life time fecundity of A. pomi in young galls was 55 but in older galls or on nongalled tissue it was 23. Fecundity of D. devecta apterae was 71 compared to 34 for alatiforms living in similar galls.Life time energy consumption of A. pomi in young galls was 62.5 joules (J) with a mean of 31.2 joules in older galls. The assimilation/consumed energy (A/C) ratio, an indicator of food quality, was 57% for A. pomi in young galls and 22% on other feeding sites. Apterous D. devecta had an A/C ratio of 76% compared to a mean of 31% for alatiforms within and outside galls.The highly specialized gall inhabiting D. devecta apterae derive greater physiological benefit from gall feeding than the generalis A. pomi which can survive and reproduce within or outside its gall.

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Résumé Le développement larvaire, la reproduction et le bilan énergétique d'A. pomi ont été déterminés à partir d'aptères vivant et s'alimentant dans des galles venant d'être formées et de pseudogalles de 2 à 3 semaines. Les pucerons ont été élevés sur des pousses et des feuilles développées. Des recherches du même type ont été faites sur Dysaphis devecta aptères dans ses propres galles et sur des alatiformes vivant dans des galles d'aptères ou sur de jeunes feuilles.Les effects bénéfiques de l'alimentation dans des galles a été rapidement perdu puisque les aptères ont crû à la raison de 0,015 mg de matière sèche par jour dans des jeunes galles et de 0,0045 seulement dans les galles plus âgées, soit une diminution de 40%. La durée du développement larvaire s'étant parallèlement accrue de 50%. La fécondité moyenne de A. pomi était de 55 dans les jeunes galles contre 23 dans les galles plus âgées sur des tissus ordinaires. La fécondité de D. devecta aptère était de 71 contre 34 pour les alatiformes vivant sur les mêmes tissus.Le bilan énergétique global de A. pomi dans de jeunes galles était de 62,5 j contre 31,2 j dans des galles plus âgées. Le rapport d'assimilation sur énergie consommée (A/C), — indicateur de qualité de l'alimentation —, était de 0,57 pour A. pomi dans des galles jeunes et de 0,22 dans les autres situations. D. devecta aptère avait 0.76 comme rapport A/C contre 0,31 pour les alatiformes se développant à l'intérieur ou à l'extérieur des galles. D. devecta aptère fortement spécialisé au développement dans des galles tire un plus grand bénéfice physiologique de la consommation dans des galles que A. pomi généraliste qui peut survivre et se reproduire tant à l'intérieur qu'à l'extérieur de galles.

     

Expression of a bacterial gene in transgenic tobacco plants confers resistance to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Plants resistant to the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were produced through the genetic engineering of a novel detoxification pathway into the cells of a species normally sensitive to 2,4-D. We cloned the gene for 2,4-D monooxygenase, the first enzyme in the plasmid-encoded 2,4-D degradative pathway of the bacterium Alcaligenes eutrophus, into a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter expression vector and introduced it into tobacco plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing the highest levels of the monooxygenase enzyme exhibited increased tolerance to 2,4-D in leaf disc and seed germination assays, and young plants survived spraying with levels of herbicide up to eight times the usual field application rate. The introduction of the gene for 2,4-D monooxygenase into broad-leaved crop plants, such as cotton, should eventually allow 2,4-D to be used as an inexpensive post-emergence herbicide on economically important dicot crops.     

Altered bacterial culture density following exposure to aflatoxins

Summary Eight species of bacteria were incubated in culture media containing 10 g/ml aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), aflatoxin B₂ (AFB₂), or aflatoxin G₂ (AFG₂). Their culture density at 20°C was determined at four and eight days (d) after inoculation. In all species of bacteria studied (Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis, Erysipylothrix rusiopathie (insidiosa), Streptococcus fecalis, Staphylococcus epidermis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus spp., andEscherichia coli), AFB₁, AFB₂ and AFG₂ substantially decreased culture sizes at 4 d, but not at 8 d. InB. cereus andP. mirabilis, culture sizes were increased by AFB₁, AFB₂, and AFG₂ at 8 d post inoculation. These results indicate that AFB₁, AFB₂, and AFG₂ suppressed initial growth of these species in vitro, while later growth in some species was either unaltered or enhanced.     

Organ regulated expression of the Parasponia andersonii haemoglobin gene in transgenic tobacco plants

Summary Plant haemoglobin genes are known to occur in legume and non-legume families and in both nodulating (e.g. Parasponia andersonii) and non-nodulating species (e.g. Trema tomentosa). Their presence in non-nodulating plants raises the possibility that haemoglobins might serve a function in non-symbiotic tissues distinct from their role in the nitrogen-fixing root nodules induced by micro-organisms. We report here that a P. andersonii haemoglobin promoter can regulate expression of either the P. andersonii haemoglobin gene, or a hybrid construct with the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene (cat), in the nonsymbiotic plant, Nicotiana tabacum. Expression is predominantly in the roots, implying that haemoglobins might have a function in roots of non-nodulated plants. We have also observed a low level of haemoglobin protein in non-nodulated P. andersonii roots, but not leaves, supporting this assertion. The expression in transgenic plants will allow further characterization of the promoter sequences essential for the organ-specific expression of haemoglobins in nonsymbiotic tissues.