Anti-CD45RB monoclonal antibody-mediated transplantation tolerance

Currently, lifelong immunosuppression is required for organ transplant recipients. The majority of transplant recipients will eventually develop chronic rejection with resultant graft loss, despite treatment with powerful immunosuppressive agents. These agents are also associated with numerous toxicities including reduced immunity against infection and malignancy. Therefore, the central goal in transplant science is to devise tolerance strategies in an attempt to establish a state of prolonged non-reactivity against the allograft, accompanied with preservation of an intact immune system. Although predictable tolerance induction has been elusive, we found that short course of the novel immunomodulatory agent, anti-CD45RB monoclonal antibody, leads to indefinite acceptance of renal allografts in mice, and has been shown to markedly prolong allograft survival in primates. We review the current state of development of this antibody, and the progress made in defining its mechanism of action.     

Efficient expression of human soluble guanylate cyclase in Escherichia coli and its signaling-related interaction with nitric oxide

Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), as a nitric oxide (NO) sensor, is a critical heme-containing enzyme in NO-signaling pathway of eukaryotes. Human sGC is a heterodimeric hemoprotein, composed of a α-subunit (690 AA) and a heme-binding β-subunit (619 AA). Upon NO binding, sGC catalyzes the conversion of guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP) to 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). cGMP is a second messenger and initiates the nitric oxide signaling, triggering vasodilatation, smooth muscle relaxation, platelet aggregation, and neuronal transmission etc. The breakthrough of the bottle neck problem for sGC-mediated NO singling was made in this study. The recombinant human sGC β1 subunit (HsGCβ619) and its truncated N-terminal fragments (HsGCβ195 and HsGCβ384) were efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli and purified successfully in quantities. The three proteins in different forms (ferric, ferrous, NO-bound, CO-bound) were characterized by UV–vis and EPR spectroscopy. The homology structure model of the human sGC heme domain was constructed, and the mechanism for NO binding to sGC was proposed. The EPR spectra showed a characteristic of five-coordinated heme-nitrosyl species with triplet hyperfine splitting of NO. The interaction between NO and sGC was investigated and the schematic mechanism was proposed. This study provides new insights into the structure and NO-binding of human sGC. Furthermore, the efficient expression system of E. coli will be beneficial to the further studies on structure and activation mechanism of human sGC.     

Overcoming original antigenic sin to generate new CD8 T cell IFN-gamma responses in an antigen-experienced host

The failure to mount effective immunity to virus variants in a previously virus-infected host is known as original antigenic sin. We have previously shown that prior immunity to a virus capsid protein inhibits induction by immunization of an IFN-gamma CD8+ T cell response to an epitope linked to the capsid protein. We now demonstrate that capsid protein-primed CD4+ T cells secrete IL-10 in response to capsid protein presented by dendritic cells, and deviate CD8+ T cells responding to a linked MHC class I-restricted epitope to reduce IFN-gamma production. Neutralizing IL-10 while delivering further linked epitope, either in vitro or in vivo, restores induction by immunization of an Ag-specific IFN-gamma response to the epitope. This finding demonstrates a strategy for overcoming inhibition of MHC class I epitopes upon immunization of a host already primed to Ag, which may facilitate immunotherapy for chronic viral infection or cancer.     

Dynamics of gene introgression in the African malaria vector Anopheles gambiae

Anopheles gambiae is a major malaria vector in Africa and a popular model species for a variety of ecological, evolutionary, and genetic studies on vector control. Genetic manipulation of mosquito vectorial capacity is a promising new weapon for the control of malaria. However, the release of exotic transgenic mosquitoes will bring in novel alleles in addition to the parasite-inhibiting genes, which may have unknown effects on the local population. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methodologies that can be used to evaluate the spread rate of introduced genes in A. gambiae. In this study, the effects and dynamics of genetic introgression between two geographically distinct A. gambiae populations from western Kenya (Mbita) and eastern Tanzania (Ifakara) were investigated with amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and microsatellite markers. Microsatellites and polymorphic cDNA markers revealed a large genetic differentiation between the two populations (average F(ST) = 0.093, P < 0.001). When the two strains were crossed in random mating between the two populations, significant differences in the rate of genetic introgression were found in the mixed populations. Allele frequencies of 18 AFLP markers (64.3%) for Mbita and of 26 markers (92.9%) for Ifakara varied significantly from F5 to F20. This study provides basic information on how a mosquito release program would alter the genetic makeup of natural populations, which is critical for pilot field testing and ecological risk evaluation of transgenic mosquitoes.     

血管紧张素Ⅱ上调自发性高血压大鼠和Wistar-Kyoto大鼠血管平滑肌细胞外信号调节激酶的信号转导

本文研究血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensin Ⅱ,Ang Ⅱ)对自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneously hypertensive rat,SHR)和Wistar- Kyoto(WKY)大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells．VSMCs)细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated pro- tein kinases,ERKs)信号途径的影响。体外培养SHR和WKY大鼠的VSMCs,先在培养基中加入终浓度为1×105mmol／L 的缬沙坦或1×105mmol／L的PD98059或不加药物,再给予1×107mmol／L的Ang Ⅱ刺激24 h后收集细胞,以无血清培养基 培养的VSMCs作对照。用免疫沉淀法测定ERK活性;用Western-blot方法检测总ERK(total ERK,t-ERK)、磷酸化ERK (phosphorylated-ERK,p-ERK)及丝裂素活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶-1(mitogen-activated protem kinases phosphatase-1,MKP-1)水 平;用RT-PCR法半定量测定MKP-1 mRNA的含量。结果显示:(1)SHR和WKY大鼠Ang Ⅱ刺激组VSMCs中ERK活 性、p-ERK、MKP-1及MKP-1 mRNA水平均明显高于对照组(P<0．05);SHR和WKY大鼠Ang Ⅱ+缬沙坦组和Ang Ⅱ +PD98059组的上述指标与对照组比较均无显著性差异。(2)SHR大鼠VSMCs中ERK活性、P-ERK、MKP-1及MKP-1 mRNA均显著高于相同干预的WKY大鼠(P<0．01)。(3)SHR和WKY大鼠之间以及对照组、Ang Ⅱ刺激组、Ang Ⅱ+缬沙 坦组和Ang Ⅱ+PD98059组间VSMCs中t-ERK水平均无显著性差异。以上结果表明,Ang Ⅱ可能主要通过其1型(Ang Ⅱ type 1,AT)受体激活SHR和WKY大鼠VSMCs中ERK途径,增加ERK活性和p-ERK蛋白水平,继而引起MKP-1及 MKP-1 mRNA水平升高。     

Ethanol disrupts the formation of hypochord and dorsal aorta during the development of embryonic zebrafish

It has been demonstrated that maternal drinking during pregnancy had serious adverse effects on the health of the newborns. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most important developmental abnormality caused by maternal alcohol abuse during pregnancy. Clinically, it is characterized by head and facial ab-normalities, cardiovascular malformation, and perma-nent nervous system damage[1,2]. A lot of experimental models have been developed to study the ethanol’s effects on embryonic development,…     

Single nucleotide polymorphisms,haplotypes and combined genotypes of lactoferrin gene and their associations with mastitis in Chinese Holstein cattle

Lactoferrin (Lf) is naturally produced by the mammary gland, having biological functions of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. To investigate whether the Lf gene is associated with mastitis in dairy cattle, a DNA sequencing approach was used to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene. Three previously reported SNPs in the 5′ flanking region and one novel SNP in exon1 of Lf gene were identified. A total of 353 individuals from Holstein cattle populations were genotyped for their SNPs using Created Restriction Site PCR (CRS-PCR) and PCR-RFLP methods. Twenty-two and nineteen combinations of three SNPs (g.3440T>G, g.3879_3880insG, and g.4432T>C) and another three SNPs (g.3429G>A, g.3440T>G, g.3879_3880insG) were observed, respectively. The result of haplotype analysis of four SNPs showed that fourteen different haplotypes were identified. Two major haplotypes (GECB and GECA) occurred with a frequency of 22.5 and 18.5% in the study population, respectively. Statistical analyses revealed no significant association between one single SNP of Lf gene and SCS, whereas significant associations between their combined genotypes of three SNPs, haplotype and SCS. Combined genotype EFCDBB and GGEFDD with the lowest SCS were favorable for the mastitis resistance. They may be used as a possible candidate for marker-assisted selection in dairy cattle breeding program.     

Association between a-adducin gene polymorphism (Gly460Trp) and genetic predisposition to salt sensitivity: a meta-analysis

Linkage and association studies suggested the relationship between a-adducin polymorphism (Gly460Trp; rs4961) and genetic susceptibility to salt-sensitivity. However, the currently available results were inconsistent. This study aimed to define quantitatively the association between salt-sensitivity and α-adducin Gly460Trp polymorphism in all published case-control studies. Publications from PubMed and other databases were retrieved. The major inclusion criteria were: (1) case-control design; (2) salt-sensitivity confirmed by sodium loading tests, and (3) the distribution of genotypes given in detail. Seven case-control studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In total they involved 820 subjects (454 salt-sensitive and 366 non-salt-sensitive). The meta-analysis shows that Gly460Trp polymorphism in general is not significantly associated with salt-sensitivity [OR (95%CI): 1.40 (0.96, 2.04),P = 0.08]. Subgroup analysis showed that the association is statistically significant in Asian people [OR (95%CI):1.33 (1.06, 1.69),P = 0.02] but not in Caucasian people [OR (95%CI):1.98 (0.57, 6.92),P = 0.28]. This indicates that blood pressure response to sodium varies between ethnical groups. More studies based on a larger population are required to evaluate further the role of a-adducin Gly460Trp polymorphism in salt-sensitive hypertension.     

两种新型目标分子标记技术——CDDP与PAAP

本文介绍了CDDP和PAAP这两种新型目标分子标记技术的产生原理、引物设计、PCR扩增、PCR产物检测手段、分子标记特征及带型模式,在此基础上对它们的技术特点和技术优势进行了概括,最后,对它们的应用前景进行了展望。