漓江上游毛竹生理生态特征对不同土壤水分的响应

漓江上游毛竹林面积大,是我国毛竹最南端产区。该研究针对当地季节性干旱问题,通过模拟降水使土壤水分变化,共设立了5个毛竹水分处理小区(CK.对照;A.无降水+覆膜;B.降水5 mm+覆膜;C.降水10mm+覆膜;D.降水20 mm+覆膜),并与HM(木荷Schima superba)(自然状态)进行对比。结果表明:土壤水分变化影响了毛竹叶片水势和叶绿素的变化,叶片白天水势下降,傍晚均可恢复到凌晨水势。C处理的毛竹午间水势下降值最小,叶绿素含量也最高。本研究区位于最南端产区,毛竹的光合生产力也属偏低水平。适当的土壤水分亏缺,毛竹表现出相对的高净光合速率(P_(n))、高蒸腾速率(Tr)、低水分利用效率(WUE)的特点;过多或过少土壤水分,则为低P_(n)和Tr,但高WUE。毛竹叶片的P_(n)与气孔导度Gs呈极显著的正相关关系,说明毛竹的光合速率受气孔调节明显;Tr与午时叶水势呈负相关(符合二项式函数)关系,土壤水分问题造成的叶片水分不足同时也影响了毛竹的Tr。水分亏缺,P_(n)主要由气孔调节,但水分过多导致P_(n)的下降应该是由气孔导度的下降和叶肉细胞光合能力的下降共同作用的结果。水分过少或过多均对毛竹生理生态过程产生负效应。相对于木荷,毛竹的P_(n)较高,但同时也消耗更多的水分。     

The role of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 in anti-HER2 antibody-induced G1 cell cycle arrest and tumor growth inhibition

Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27Kip1 binds to the cyclin E.CDK2 complex and plays a major role in controlling cell cycle and cell growth. Our group and others have reported that anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies exert inhibitory effects on HER2-overexpressing breast cancers through G1 cell cycle arrest associated with induction of p27Kip1 and reduction of CDK2. The role of p27Kip1 in anti-HER2 antibody-induced cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition is, however, still uncertain. Here we have provided several lines of evidence supporting a critical role for p27Kip1 in the anti-HER2 antibody-induced G1 cell cycle arrest and tumor growth inhibition. Induction of p27Kip1 and G1 growth arrest by anti-HER2 antibody, murine 4D5, or humanized trastuzumab (Herceptin) are concentration-dependent, time-dependent, irreversible, and long-lasting. The magnitude of G1 cell cycle arrest induced by trastuzumab or 4D5 is well correlated with the level of p27Kip1 protein induced. Up-regulation of p27Kip1 and G1 growth arrest could no longer be removed with as little as 14 h of treatment with trastuzumab. Anti-HER2 antibody-induced p27Kip1 protein, G1 arrest, and growth inhibition persist at least 5 days after a single treatment. The magnitude of growth inhibition of breast cancer cells induced by anti-HER2 antibody closely parallels the level of p27Kip1 induced. Induced expression of exogenous p27Kip1 results in a p27Kip1 level-dependent G1 cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition similar to that obtained with anti-HER2 antibodies. Reducing p27Kip1 expression using p27Kip1 small interfering RNA blocks anti-HER2 antibody-induced p27Kip1 up-regulation and G1 arrest. Treatment with anti-HER2 antibody significantly increases the half-life of p27Kip1 protein. Inhibition of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, but not inhibition of calpain and caspase activities, up-regulates p27Kip1 protein to a degree comparable with that obtained with anti-HER2 antibodies. We have further demonstrated that anti-HER2 antibody significantly decreases threonine phosphorylation of p27Kip1 protein at position 187 (Thr-187) and increases serine phosphorylation of p27Kip1 protein at position 10 (Ser-10). Expression of S10A and T187A mutant p27Kip1 protein increases the fraction of cells in G1 and reduces a further antibody-induced G1 arrest. Consequently, p27Kip1 plays an important role in the anti-HER2 antibody-induced G1 cell cycle arrest and tumor growth inhibition through post-translational regulation. Regulation of the phosphorylation of p27Kip1 protein is one of the post-translational mechanisms by which anti-HER2 antibody upregulates the protein.     

甘蓝型油菜珠孔与胚囊的超微结构研究

甘蓝型油菜的外珠孔基本上为开放结构,内珠孔为闭合结构。胚囊成熟时反足细胞已退化,仅由二个助细胞、一个卵细胞、与一个中央细胞组成。助细胞极性不明显,二个助细胞在花粉管到达前均显示同等退化迹象。卵细胞极性明显。中央细胞中含结构独特的质体。受精前,卵与中央细胞的质膜之间含有特殊的电子致密物质。     

Legumes can increase cadmium contamination in neighboring crops

Legumes are widely used in many cropping systems because they share their nitrogen fixation products and phosphorus mobilization activities with their neighbors. In the current study, however, we showed that co-cultivation with legumes increased cadmium (Cd) contamination in the adjacent crops. Both field and mesocosm experiments indicated that legumes increased Cd levels in edible parts and shoots of four neighboring crops and five maize varieties tested, regardless of the Cd levels in the soil. This enhanced Cd accumulation in crops was attributed to root interactions that alter the rhizosphere environment. Co-cultivation with legumes reduced soil pH, which somewhat increased the exchangeable forms of Cd. Our results have demonstrated the inevitable increases in Cd levels of crops as a direct result of co-cultivation with legumes even under situations when these levels are below the permissible threshold. With this new revelation, we need to consider carefully the current cropping systems involving legumes and perhaps to re-design the current and future cropping systems in view of avoiding food contamination by Cd.     

Effects of exogenous hormones on floret development and grain setin wheat

At specific stages during floret development, solutions of IAA,GA₃, zeatin and ABA were injected into the leaf sheath around theyoung spike of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to study theregulating effects of exogenous hormones on floret development. Zeatin promotedfloret development and significantly increased the number of fertile florets aswell as grain set, especially at the stage of anther-lobe formation. Zeatinalsoincreased the sugar concentrations in spikes at anthesis. In contrast, IAA,GA₃ and ABA inhibited floret development, with different patternsforeach of the hormones. IAA inhibited the development of the whole spike and allflorets in the spikelets such that grain loss occurred in all positions in thespikelets. GA₃ increased the number of fertile florets per spike,butdecreased grain set of the third floret in each spikelet, especially whenapplied at terminal spikelet formation. ABA inhibited floret development, anddecreased the number of fertile florets and grain set at almost all developmentstages, except at anther-lobe formation. The inhibitory effect of ABA wasmainlyon the first and third florets in each spikelet.     

The mechanism of stamen movement in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chimonanthus praecox</Emphasis> (Calycanthaceae): differential cell growth rates on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of filaments after flower opening

In flowers of Chimonanthus (Calycanthaceae), stamen movements have been known for 150 years. Stamens are initially recurved when flowers open. Subsequently, within approximately 48 h, the stamens gradually turn upright and eventually enclose the gynoecium. However, the exact mechanism involved in this process is still unresolved. In this study, we found that in recurved stamens at the female stage the cell lengths in the epidermal and hypodermal tissue of the abaxial surfaces were significantly smaller than those of the adaxial surfaces. In erect stamens, however, no significant difference in cell length between the hypodermal tissues of both surfaces was found. Although the difference in cell length between the epidermal tissues for erect stamens was significant, it was smaller than that in recurved filaments. We found no variations in cell number between the epidermal tissues or between the hypodermal tissues among recurved and erect stamens. Thus, we conclude that in Chimonanthus the differential cell growth rates between the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of filaments could account for the gradual inward stamen movement following flower opening rather than cell division. Furthermore, application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA₃) to intact flowers in vitro or the wounding of stigmas significantly promoted the stamen erection rate. Surprisingly, we did not observe any effect on this movement following hand-pollination. Different patterns of stamen movement in Calycanthaceae and their implications for reproductive biology are also discussed.     

冻融作用对陆地生态系统氮循环关键过程的影响效应及其机制

冻融作用是中、高纬度及高海拔地区土壤普遍存在的一种自然现象,是非生长季陆地生态系统氮循环的重要影响因素.冻融作用主要通过改变土壤的理化性质及生物学性状来影响氮素在土壤中的迁移与转化.目前,冻融作用对陆地生态系统氮循环各个过程影响的研究结果不尽一致,理论机制尚不明晰,研究方法也需进一步地探索与创新,因此有必要对现有成果进行梳理和分析,以更好地把握冻融作用下的氮循环过程.本文结合国内外已有研究成果,论述了冻融作用对陆地生态系统氮循环关键过程（氮矿化、固持、硝化与反硝化过程、氮淋溶及气态损失）的影响效应及其主要机制,对目前研究中存在的不足进行了剖析,并对未来研究中迫切需要关注的重点研究方向进行了探讨与展望.     

中国东部陆地农业生态系统南北样带的自然概况

介绍了中国东部陆地农业生态系统南北样带的自然情况,包括地理范围、地貌、气候、土壤、植被资源等。通过对东部样带内气候与植被相关分析发现,降水量与温度是影响东部样带内植被分布的重要因素。