Familiäre 2/C-Translokation: 46,XY t (2p-; Cp+) und 46,XX Cp+

Zusammenfassung Bei einem Patienten mit multiplen Mißbildungen wurde eine Duplikation für die distale Hälfte vom kurzen Arm des Chromosoms 2 und eine Defizienz an einem C-Chromosom gefunden. In der Literatur sind vier Fälle mit ähnlicher Duplikation, jedoch jeweils einer klein n Defizienz am Chromosom 3 beschrieben worden. Ein Vergleich der klinischen Merkmale bei den fünf Patienten zeigt weitgehende Übereinstimmungen. Es wird gefolgert, daß die gleichartige Duplikation für das einheitliche klinische Bild der Patienten verantwortlich ist. Es wurden Chromosomenmessungen, Analysen der Replikationsmuster und Meioseuntersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Genloci für das Ss- und das Rh-System konnten von einer Lokalisierung auf dem duplizierten Segment ausgeschlossen werden.

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2/C translocation in father and daughter: 46,XY t (2p-;Cp+) and 46,XX Cp+

Summary In a patient with multiple anomalies, a duplication comprising the distal half of the short arm of chromosome 2 and a small deficiency of a C-chromosome was found. Four other cases from the literature exhibit a similar duplication combined with a small deficiency each of chromosome 3. Comparison of the clinical pictures of the five patients revealed a conformity in the major features. It is concluded that the duplication is responsible for the uniform appearance of these patients. The studies performed include chromosome measurements, examination of replication patterns and meiosis. The gene loci for the Ss and Rh systems could be excluded from localization on the duplicated segment.

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Mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Enteric Pathogens in Monkeys

From 1964 to 1967, 6,646 monkeys, representing 10 primate species, were examined for Shigella and Salmonella infections upon arrival at the National Center for Primate Biology. Of these animals, 12% were infected with Shigella, and 75% of the Shigella isolates were S. flexneri 4. The incidence of Salmonella infections decreased from 12 to 3% during the period of study. Epidemiological studies of animals in the colony for 90 days or more indicated no seasonal variation in the occurrence of Shigella and Salmonella. Many of the isolates from incoming monkeys as well as from laboratory-conditioned animals were resistant to chloramphenicol, dihydrostreptomycin, and tetracycline. The possible operation of drug-resistance factors in these infections is discussed.     

Survival of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria in Chicken Meat During Freeze-Dehydration, Rehydration, and Storage

Total and anaerobic counts were ascertained on boneless, cooked, cubed, frozen chicken meat. We determined survival of aerobes and anaerobes in the natural flora after the meat was freeze-dehydrated and rehydrated at room temperature for 30 min and at 50, 85, and 100 C for 10 min. Total and anaerobic counts of bacteria in the rehydrated meat were established during storage of samples at 4, 22, and 37 C-until a spoilage odor was detected. Samples were also inoculated with Clostridium sporogenes and were dried and rehydrated at 100 C and stored at 37 C. Approximately 21% of the aerobes and 37% of the anaerobes survived drying and rehydration at room temperature. Many genera of aerobes, anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes survived drying and rehydration at 50 C; only sporeformers survived rehydration at 85 or 100 C. Low-temperature (4 C) storage of rehydrated meat produced ample shelf life (over 20 days), whereas storage at the higher temperature resulted in a shelf life of less than 30 hr. Approximately 81% of the C. sporogenes cells survived rehydration at 100 C and grew to over 10(7) cells within 40 hr. Our study presents additional data for adequate microbiological control in processing of freeze-dehydrated meat. Also, it points out the natural selection for sporeformers at high temperature of rehydration, stressing the need for consumer education in product handling for safety purposes.     

Allescheria boydii and Aspergillus fumigatus Skin Test Antigens

May, Lewis K. (Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia), Ralph A. Knight, and H. William Harris. Allescheria boydii and Aspergillus fumigatus skin test antigens. J. Bacteriol. 91:2155-2157. 1966.-Protein and polysaccharide fractions were extracted from culture filtrates of Allescheria boydii and Aspergillus fumigatus by the methods of Seibert and of Heidelberger, and injected intradermally into guinea pigs previously infected with these fungi. The diameter of erythema and induration was determined at 8, 24, and 48 hr. The protein and polysaccharide antigens yielded specific skin reactions in homologously infected guinea pigs. Erythema appeared at 8 hr with both the protein and polysaccharide antigens. At this time, the polysaccharide skin tests showed erythema and a central blanched wheal. A similar wheal was not observed with the protein. The erythema of the polysaccharide reaction began fading at 24 hr, whereas the protein reaction remained unchanged through 48 hr with both antigens. In guinea pigs, the area of erythema was more constant and thus easier to measure than was induration.     

Temperature dependence of inorganic nitrogen uptake and assimilation in Antarctic sea-ice microalgae

Summary The influence of temperature on NO ₃ ^- and NH ₄ ⁺ uptake, and the activity of the assimilatory enzyme NO ₃ ^- reductase (NR) was compared to inorganic C uptake (photosynthesis) in natural assemblages of Antarctic sea-ice microalgae. NO ₃ ^- and NH ₄ ⁺ uptake reached a maximum between 0.5°–2.0°C and 2.0°–3.0°C, respectively, which was close to that for photosynthesis (2.5°–3.0°C). NR showed a distinctly higher temperature maximum (10.0°–12.0°C) and a lower Q₁₀ value than inorganic N and C transport. Our data imply that, owing to differential temperature characteristics between N transport and N assimilation at in situ temperature (-1.9°C), the incorporation of extracellular NO ₃ ^- into cellular macromolecules, may be limited by transport of NO ₃ ^- into the cell rather than the intracellular reduction of NO ₃ ^- to NH ₄ ⁺ . Despite differences in temperature maxima between N transport and N assimilation, the overall low temperature maxima of inorganic N metabolism characterizes Antarctic sea-ice microalgae as psychrophilic. Our study is the first to examine the temperature dependence of inorganic N uptake and assimilation in sea-ice microbial communities.     

ELISA measurement of LDL receptors

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for measurement of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. A monospecific polyclonal antibody to LDL receptor purified from rat liver that reacted with rat, mouse, canine, and human LDL receptor was used. With this assay, LDL receptors could be measured on 2-4 x 10(5) adherent cells and 1.0 x 10(5) cells in suspension, although results were more variable with cell suspensions. Membranes from a variety of receptor-rich and receptor-poor tissues could be assayed directly after adherence of the membranes to the ELISA plate by an overnight incubation. In some instances, the quality of the assay was improved by first solubilizing the membranes. The sensitivity of the assay is such that between 0.15 and 2 micrograms of membrane protein is required. This could be obtained from leukocytes in a modest (20-30 ml) quantity of human blood. The assay was used to demonstrate the rapid down-regulation of LDL receptors in human mononuclear leukocytes in response to a cholesterol-containing meal. Overall, the results support the use of ELISA technology to measure LDL receptors, particularly for physiologic studies.     

Inhibition of hexose transport in the human erythrocyte by 5, 5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid): Role of an exofacial carrier sulfhydryl group

Summary The sulfhydryl reagent 5, 5-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) was used to study the functional role of an exofacial sulfhydryl group on the human erythrocyte hexose carrier. Above 1mm DTNB rapidly inhibited erythrocyte 3-O-methylglucose influx, but only to about half of control rates. Efflux was also inhibited, but to a lesser extent. Uptake inhibition was completely reversed by incubation and washing with 10mm cysteine, whereas it was only partially reduced by washing in buffer alone, suggesting both covalent and noncovalent interactions. The covalent thiol-reversible reaction of DTNB occurred on the exofacial carrier, since (i) penetration of DTNB into cells was minimal, (ii) blockade of potential uptake via the anion transporter did not affect DTNB-induced hexose transport inhibition, and (iii) DTNB protected from transport inhibition by the impermeant sulfhydryl reagent glutathione-maleimide-I. Maltose at 120mm accelerated the covalent transport inhibition induced by DTNB, whereas 6.5 m cytochalasin B had the opposite effect, indicating under the one-site carrier model that the reactive sulfhydryl is on the outward-facing carrier but not in the substrate-binding site. In contrast to glutathione-maleimide-I, however, DTNB did not restrict the ability of the carrier to reorient inwardly, since it did not affect equilibrium cytochalasin B binding. Thus, carrier conformation determines exposure of the exofacial carrier sulfydryl, but reaction of this group may not always lock the carrier in an outward-facing conformation.     

Flap failure after microvascular free-tissue transfer: the fate of a second attempt

In most cases, the loss of a free-tissue transfer is a disaster for both the patient and the surgeon. Seven patients received a second microvascular free-tissue transfer after loss of the first. The indications for free-tissue transfer included chronic osteomyelitis of the lower leg (four patients), acute traumatic defect of the leg (one patient), acute traumatic defect of the arm (one patient), and esophageal defect after surgical excision (one patient). In three patients, the interval between the first and second procedures was less than 2 weeks. The remaining four patients had their second free-tissue transfer performed 5 weeks to 21 months after the first. Six of the seven free flaps were successful. Two patients with venous obstruction occurring after the second free-tissue transfer were salvaged by reexploration. Partial loss of the flap was noted in one of these patients. It is concluded from this select group of patients that failure of a free-tissue transfer does not contraindicate a second microtissue transfer does not contraindicate a second microvascular free-tissue transfer.