Stand microclimate and physiological activity of tree leaves in an oak-hornbeam forest

Summary In an uneven-aged, multi-species oak-hornbeam forest at Báb, SW Slovakia (former IBP Forest Research Site), a series of micrometeorological and ecophysiological measurements started in 1985. The aims of the work are to improve understanding of physiological processes (photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration) of adult trees and stand microclimate, to collect data for simulation of the canopy (stand) photosynthesis and for ecological synthesis of the functioning of the forest ecosystem. In this paper, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), and CO₂ concentration ([CO₂]) in and above the forest are characterized for the fully leaved season, using diurnal courses, vertical profiles and isodiagrams (isopleths). Approximately 50% of incident PAR was absorbed by the upper 4–5 m layer of leaves and only approximately 5% or less penetrated to the forest floor. Vertical gradients of AT and RH were generally low, but large differences in diurnal ranges of AT and RH were observed between vertical levels. The upper leaf canopy greatly reduced WS, and at a height of about 14 m above the ground it was close to zero. The highest diurnal [CO₂] maximum and variations occurred at 1 m above the ground, and the lowest above the forest. In good light conditions in the forest, the entire leaf canopy (overstorey and understorey canopy) is a large sink of CO₂. At night the forest stand is a source of CO₂, the largest internal source being the soil and forest floor.     

Plastid transformation in greening scales of the onion bulb (Allium cepa,Alliaceae)

The greening of the upper part of the outerAllium cepa L. bulb scales, in particular along the vascular regions, is limited to the hypodermal cells in which typical leucoplasts are transformed to normal and functional chloroplasts. This process is light dependent and cannot afterwards be reversed or modified by darkness. The changes in fine structure are described and briefly discussed.Dedicated to Prof. DrLothar Geitler on the occasion of his 90th birthday and 55 years after the publication of his Grundriß der Cytologie.     

Planktic coccal and trichal green algae of Lake Volvi,Greece

In the course of three years' investigations (1983–1986) of Lake Volvi, N Greece, 62 species and varieties of chlorococcal algae and 6 species of ulotrichal algae (Chlorophyceae) were found. Although chlorophytes form the largest group of the phytoplankton assemblages of the lake, their biomass is relatively small or even negligeable in some periods of the year in comparison with domination cyanophytes, diatoms and cryptophytes. Morphological variation of diagnostic features is described and documented by original drawings in 53 taxa.     

Nardo-Agrostion communities in the Krkonoše and West Carpathians Mts.

The montaneNardus-rich acidophilous meadows occurring in the Krkono?e and W. Carpathians Mts. were evaluated. They are classified intoNardo-Agrostion tenuis Sillinger 1933. Five associations were distinguished:Sileno-Nardetum, Homogyno-Nardetum, Hieracio Lachenalii-Nardetum, Phleo alpini-Nardetum, andRanunculo nemorosi-Nardetum, the first occuring in the Krkono?e Mts., the others in the W. Carpathians.     

Effects of agents affecting Ca2+ homeostasis onTrichoderma viride growth and conidiation

Agents known to influence Ca²⁺ homeostasis affected significantly the vegetative growth and starvation-induced conidiation ofTrichoderma viride. Ca²⁺ in millimolar concentrations stimulated both growth and conidiation; a Ca²⁺ deprivation of the fungus by the chelation of extracellular Ca²⁺ (not Mg²⁺ or divalent trace metals) with EGTA (ethyleneglycolbis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid) restricted both the vegetative growth rate and starvation-induced conidiation. Both processes were affected by either Ca²⁺ or EGTA with different efficiencies. Divalent cations (Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺) and La³⁺ (inorganic Ca²⁺ blockers) in millimolar concentrations exerted complex (stimulatory, inhibitory, or biphasic) effects on growth and conidiation. In general, their effects on the two processes were mutually different either qualitatively, or quantitatively, or both. Organic Ca²⁺ antagonists (verapamil and dihydropyridines) inhibited the vegetative growth. The results show that Ca²⁺ is required for vegetative growth and conidiation, and that different Ca²⁺-dependent mechanisms may be involved in the two processes. Divalent cations could serve as a tool for investigating the relationship between growth and conidiation.     

Scanning electron microscopy of cultures of rare macromycetous fungi

Using scanning electron microscopy it was possible to describe structures on the mycelia of macromycetous fungi that possess both taxonomic and functional importance. For taxonomic characteristization of 11 studied species, the presence and distribution of clamps on hyphæ represent an, important feature; in the case ofLyophyllum decastes the form of clamps may be useful for identifying cultures. Formation and types of anamorhps inPleurotus calyptratus, Montagnea arenaria andLyophyllum decastes are also of taxonomic importance. For additional taxonomic characterization of cultures ofTricholoma mongolicum the formation of “coils” might be exploited. Formation of anastomoses and crystals has predominantly a physiological role. However, in our view, production of crystals under certain culture conditions may serve as a diagnostic parameter.     

Three fluorescent probes for the flow-cytometric assessment of membrane potential inSaccharomyces cerevisiœ

Three fluorescent probes, tetramethyl rhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE), 3,3′-dipropylthiacarbocyanine iodide (diS-C₃(3)) and 3,3′-dipropyloxacarbocyanine iodide (diO-C₃(3)), were tested for their suitability as fluorescent indicators of membrane potential inSaccharomyces cerevisiœ in studies performed by flow cytometry. For all these dyes the intensity of fluorescence of stained cells increased with probe concentration in the range of 60–3000 nmol/L. The optimum staining period was 15–20 min for diS-C₃(3). Depolarization of cells by increased extracellular potassium level and by valinomycin elicited with all probes a drop in fluorescence intensity. In some yeast batches this depolarization was accompanied by a separation of subpopulations with different fluorescence properties.     

Vanadate inhibits the production and/or release of secondary metabolites without impairing growth in several fungal species

Vanadate (NaVO₃) in concentrations between 0.1–3.0 mmol/L inhibited the production of secondary metabolites (SMs) of strains of the following species:Trichoderma viride, Penicillium purpurogenum, Penicillium citrinum, Talaromyces avellaneus, andVerticillium psalliotœ. Growth was either not affected by NaVO₃, or the inhibition of the SM production occurred at lower NaVO₃, concentrations than that of the growth. Thus, at some NaVO₃ concentration the SM production was inhibited but the growth remained unaffected. The results suggest that NaVO₃ exerts a specific action either on the SM biosynthetic pathway(s) or on the export of SMs from cells.     

Nonlinearity in normal human EEG: cycles,temporal asymmetry,nonstationarity and randomness,not chaos

Two-hour vigilance and sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings from five healthy volunteers were analyzed using a method for identifying nonlinearity and chaos which combines the redundancy–linear redundancy approach with the surrogate data technique. A nonlinear component in the EEG was detected, however, inconsistent with the hypothesis of low-dimensional chaos. A possibility that a temporally asymmetric process may underlie or influence the EEG dynamics was indicated. A process that merges nonstationary nonlinear deterministic oscillations with randomness is proposed for an explanation of observed properties of the analyzed EEG signals. Taking these results into consideration, the use of dimensional and related chaos-based algorithms in quantitative EEG analysis is critically discussed. Received: 25 September 1994 / Accepted in revised form: 10 July 1996