A lateral flow biosensor for rapid detection of DNA-binding protein c-jun

A lateral flow biosensor based on an immuno-chromatographic assay has been developed for the detection of DNA-binding proteins. The biosensor is composed of four parts: a sample pad, a conjugate pad, a strip of nitrocellulose membrane and an absorbent pad. A DNA probe containing a specific protein binding consensus sequence is coated onto gold nanoparticles, while an antibody against the DNA-binding protein is immobilized onto a test zone of the nitrocellulose membrane. The target protein binds to the protein binding DNA sequence that is coated on the gold nanoparticles to form nanoparticle-DNA-protein complexes, and the complexes are then captured by the antibody immobilized on the test zone to form a red line for visual detection of the target protein. This biosensor was successfully applied to a DNA-binding protein, c-jun, and the developed biosensor allows for the rapid detection of down to 0.2 footprint unit of c-jun protein within 10 min. This biosensor was verified using HeLa cells and it visually detected c-jun activity in 100 μg of crude cell lysate protein. The antibody against c-jun used in the biosensor can distinguish c-jun from other nonspecific proteins, with high specificity.     

Molecular characterization of airborne fungal spores in boreal forests of contrasting human disturbance

In this study we present a new approach to characterize fungal diversity with DNA sequencing of mycelium grown from trapped airborne spores. Fungal spores were extracted systematically from air in three boreal forest sites (clear-cut, young and old-growth forests) using an air sampling device. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences from the nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) were generated, and the sequences most likely taxon affinities were established through DNA homology searches. Phylogenetic analyses were used to classify similar sequences into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The analyses indicated that a total of 84 different OTUs had been sampled, 24 basidiomycetes and 60 ascomycetes. OTUs belonging to the ascomycete orders Helotiales and Pleosporales were most frequent (31 and 18 respectively). A total of 54, 29 and 33 OTUs were sampled, respectively, in the old-growth, young and clear-cut forest sites. Although heavy generalization should be avoided due to few replicates, the results could indicate that old-growth boreal forests have significantly higher airborne fungal species richness than recently managed forests. The study shows that the spore-trapping approach has a great potential for targeting and studying anonymous fungi.     

Bioactive thin film of acidic fibroblast growth factor fabricated by layer-by-layer assembly

A new class of bioactive thin films using growth factors as building blocks has been fabricated via layer-by-layer assembly (LBL) technique. Acid fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) in the presence of heparin was used as negatively charged polyelectrolytes, while poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) was chosen as a positively charged counterpart. The self-deposition process and surface morphology of the resultant multilayers were monitored and detected by UV-vis absorbance spectra, advanced contact angle measurements, and scanning force microscopy (SFM) observations. Cell culture was performed to assess the efficiency of the growth factors. The fibroblasts proliferated faster on the surface assembled with five bilayers of (aFGF/heparin)/PEI with apparent higher cytoviability than on those surfaces modified by one bilayer of (aFGF/heparin)/PEI, five bilayers of aFGF/PEI, or five bilayers of heparin/PEI, and tissue culture polystyrene. Enhanced secretion of collagen type I and interleukin 6 (IL-6) by the fibroblasts seeded on the five bilayers of (aFGF/heparin)/PEI was also verified by immunohistochemical examination. The bioactivity of the (aFGF/heparin)/PEI multilayers could be largely preserved when stored at -20 degrees C.     

蚕类昆虫线粒体DNA研究及其在起源与进化研究中的应用

线粒体DNA(mtDNA)属母系遗传,进化速率较核基因快且基因组结构相对简单,已作为理想的分子标记广泛应用于昆虫群体遗传学及分子系统学等研究。本文对蚕类昆虫线粒体DNA在分子水平上的最新研究进展进行了较详细的阐述,重点介绍了蚕类昆虫线粒体基因组的组成及特征、mtDNA克隆与多态性及在蚕类昆虫分子系统学研究中的应用等。     

Membrane Trafficking of Large Conductance Calcium-activated Potassium Channels Is Regulated by Alternative Splicing of a Transplantable, Acidic Trafficking Motif in the RCK1-RCK2 Linker

Trafficking of the pore-forming α-subunits of large conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium (BK) channels to the cell surface represents an important regulatory step in controlling BK channel function. Here, we identify multiple trafficking signals within the intracellular RCK1-RCK2 linker of the cytosolic C terminus of the channel that are required for efficient cell surface expression of the channel. In particular, an acidic cluster-like motif was essential for channel exit from the endoplasmic reticulum and subsequent cell surface expression. This motif could be transplanted onto a heterologous nonchannel protein to enhance cell surface expression by accelerating endoplasmic reticulum export. Importantly, we identified a human alternatively spliced BK channel variant, hSloΔ_579–664, in which these trafficking signals are excluded because of in-frame exon skipping. The hSloΔ_579–664 variant is expressed in multiple human tissues and cannot form functional channels at the cell surface even though it retains the putative RCK domains and downstream trafficking signals. Functionally, the hSloΔ_579–664 variant acts as a dominant negative subunit to suppress cell surface expression of BK channels. Thus alternative splicing of the intracellular RCK1-RCK2 linker plays a critical role in determining cell surface expression of BK channels by controlling the inclusion/exclusion of multiple trafficking motifs.     

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B knock-out mice have impaired activation of the K+ channel KCa3.1, resulting in defective T cell activation

Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPKs) are encoded by the Nme (non-metastatic cell) gene family. Although they comprise a family of 10 genes, NDPK-A and -B are ubiquitously expressed and account for most of the NDPK activity. We previously showed that NDPK-B activates the K(+) channel KCa3.1 via histidine phosphorylation of the C terminus of KCa3.1, which is required for T cell receptor-stimulated Ca(2+) flux and proliferation of activated naive human CD4 T cells. We now report the phenotype of NDPK-B(-/-) mice. NDPK-B(-/-) mice are phenotypically normal at birth with a normal life span. Although T and B cell development is normal in NDPK-B(-/-) mice, KCa3.1 channel activity and cytokine production are markedly defective in T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells, whereas Th17 function is normal. These findings phenocopy studies in the same cells isolated from KCa3.1(-/-) mice and thereby support genetically that NDPK-B functions upstream of KCa3.1. NDPK-A and -B have been linked to an astonishing array of disparate cellular and biochemical functions, few of which have been confirmed in vivo in physiological relevant systems. NDPK-B(-/-) mice will be an essential tool with which to definitively address the biological functions of NDPK-B. Our finding that NDPK-B is required for activation of Th1 and Th2 CD4 T cells, together with the normal overall phenotype of NDPK-B(-/-) mice, suggests that specific pharmacological inhibitors of NDPK-B may provide new opportunities to treat Th1- and Th2-mediated autoimmune diseases.     

Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白对粘虫中肠几种酶活性的影响

为阐明Bt杀虫蛋白对次要靶标害虫粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker) （鳞翅目： 夜蛾科）的生理学影响, 本研究分析比较了粘虫高龄幼虫在室内取食低剂量Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白6, 12, 24和36 h后, 其体内主要的解毒酶（酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶）、 保护酶（超氧化物歧化酶、 过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶）和中肠蛋白酶（总蛋白酶、 强碱性类胰蛋白酶、 弱碱性类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶）等活性的变化。结果表明, 取食Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白后, 粘虫幼虫体内相关酶活力呈现不同的变化趋势： （1）酯酶、 谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、 过氧化物酶(POD)、 类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶活力较对照显著降低（P<0.05）; （2）超氧化物歧化酶(SOD) 活力较对照显著升高（P<0.05）; （3）过氧化氢酶(CAT) 活力于6, 12和24 h显著低于对照（P<0.05）, 36 h时显著高于对照（P<0.05）。结果提示Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白主要通过抑制粘虫幼虫中肠解毒酶和蛋白酶的活性, 扰乱SOD, CAT 和POD 3种保护酶的动态平衡而干扰幼虫的正常生理代谢, 从而起到毒杀粘虫的作用。     

Amino-terminal extended peptide single-chain trimers are potent synthetic agonists for memory human CD8+ T cells

Upon Ag exposure, most memory T cells undergo restimulation-induced cell death. In this article, we describe a novel synthetic agonist, an N-terminal extended decamer peptide expressed as a single-chain trimer, the amino-terminal extended peptide MHC class I single-chain trimer (AT-SCT), which preferentially promotes the growth of memory human CD8(+) T cells with minimal restimulation-induced cell death. Using CMV pp65 and melanoma gp100 Ags, we observe the in vitro numerical expansion of a clonally diverse polyfunctional population of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells from healthy individuals and vaccinated melanoma patients, respectively. Memory CD8(+) T cells stimulated with AT-SCT presented on MHC class I/II-null cells show reduced cytokine production, slower kinetics of TCR downregulation, and decreased cell death compared with native nonamer MHC class I single-chain trimer (SCT)-activated T cells. However, both ERK phosphorylation and cell cycle kinetics are identical in AT-SCT- and SCT-activated T cells. Probing of SCT and AT-SCT peptide-MHC complexes using fluorochrome-conjugated TCR multimers suggests that nonamer- and decamer-linked peptides may be anchored differently to the HLA-A2 peptide-binding groove. Our findings demonstrate that modified peptide-MHC structures, such as AT-SCT, can be engineered as T cell agonists to promote the growth and expansion of memory human CD8(+) T cells.     

Insulin-producing cells from human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells detected by atomic force microscope

We successfully differentiated human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (haMSCs) into insulin-producing cells (IPCs) in vitro and did not use any insulin which might be absorbed by cells during in vitro culture. Expression of insulin gene was massively increased by 28,000-fold at day 12 compared with haMSCs (P < 0.05). IPCs could secrete insulin after glucose was stimulated. The higher the concentration of glucose, the more production of insulin was noted. We reported AFM images of IPCs for the first time. AFM images showed that the sizes of cells were similar to each other, and all IPC surface had a porous structure in the cytoplasm area. In sugar-free group, the size of holes was similar (diameter, 1,086.98 ± 156.70 nm; depth, 185.22 ± 52.14 nm). In higher sugar-stimulated group, there were more holes with bigger diameter and smaller depth. (diameter, 3,183.65 ± 2,229.18 nm; depth 109.42 ± 56.26 nm, P < 0.05). We found that the hole diameter and depth could change with the concentration of glucose in media. Concurrently, laser scanning confocal microscopy images indicated that cortical actin network beneath plasma membrane in IPCs was dense and continuous. After glucose stimulation, we found the actin web depolymerized and became discontinuous in IPCs. We speculated that diameter augmentation of holes located in the cytoplasm area in IPCs was one manifestation of excytosis increase.