稻田土壤－作物－家畜系统中氮的循环研究

本文用Ｎ￣（１５）标记水稻和绿肥研究了稻田土壤－作物－家畜系统中氮的循环。Ｎ￣（１５）标记稻草喂羊,羊体回收饲料稻草Ｎ３１．１６％,羊粪２８．２６％,羊尿５．７２％,总回收６５．１４％,损失３４．８６％。将羊粪尿单施,稻谷回收饲料稻草Ｎ３．１９％,水稻全株回收４．８２％,土壤残留１９．００％,损失１０．１４％。故羊体、水稻及土壤残留共回收饲料稻草Ｎ５４．９８％．将羊粪与尿素配施,则饲料稻草Ｎ的总回收率为５５．８８％。Ｎ￣（１５）标记绿肥喂猪;猪体回收饲料绿肥Ｎ２３．５１％．猪粪２３．８５％,猪尿２８．７６％,总回收率７６．１２％,损失率２３．８８％。将猪粪、尿还田,稻谷回收饲料绿肥Ｎ６．６９％,水稻全株回收１０．０５％,土壤残留１９．１７％,故猪体、水稻和土壤残留共回收饲料绿肥Ｎ５２．７３％,将猪粪与尿素配施,则饲料绿肥Ｎ的总回收率为５２．７５％。     

弱氧化醋杆菌阿拉伯糖醇脱氢酶基因克隆及其在大肠杆菌中的表达

The partial genomic library of Acetobacter suboxydans was constructed using Yeast\| E.coli shuttle plasmid YEp352 as vector.Two positive transformants,designated as DH5α(pAD91) and DH5α(pAD98),were obtained by screening the growth of transformants on the agar plate in which D\|arabitol was used as the sole carbon source.The results of Southern blot and restriction endonuclease analysis showed that the two recombinants are identical.The insert is about 2.3kb.Arabitol dehydrogenase activity assay indic…     

多级逆流工艺促进城市污泥厌氧发酵生产挥发性脂肪酸

采用一种新型的厌氧发酵工艺——多级逆流发酵工艺对城市污泥进行厌氧发酵, 实现高效产挥发性脂肪酸的目的。结果表明, 实验条件下应用多级逆流发酵工艺, 挥发性脂肪酸浓度与产率分别达到(10.5±0.5) g/L和0.20 gVFAs/ gVS, 与普通厌氧发酵工艺相比, 分别提高了31%和54%。此外, 在多级逆流工艺中, 底物有机质去除率可达50%, 较普通厌氧发酵提高了37%。进一步分析多级逆流工艺产酸的机制, 发现产酸效率的提高在于降低了发酵产物对厌氧产酸细菌的抑制效应, 并且工艺的VFAs产率以及有机质去除率分别取决于第一级和第三级厌氧发酵过程。因此, 城市污泥采用多级逆流工艺厌氧发酵不仅能够有效促进挥发性脂肪酸的生成, 而且能够较大程度上提高污泥中有机质的去除率。     

Dynamics of fertilizer-derived organic nitrogen fractions in an arable soil during a growing season

Background

Inorganic fertilizer is one of the most important anthropogenic inputs which influences soil nutrient turnover in agricultural ecosystems. However, as the key process involved in the maintenance, transformation and stability of soil nitrogen (N), the incorporation and allocation of fertilizer N between different soil organic N (SON) fractions in a growing season remains largely unknown.

Methods

In this study, a field experiment was conducted in triplicate of micro-plots and a total of 200 kg N ha^?1 (¹⁵?N-labeled (NH₄)₂SO₄, 98 atom %) was applied as a basal dressing and two top dressings, at jointing and filling stages, respectively, to a maize crop during one growing season. The distribution and seasonal dynamics of fertilizer N in different SON fractions (i.e., amino acids, amino sugars, hydrolyzable ammonium N and acid insoluble-N) were measured by liquid/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/GC-MS) and element analysis-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-C-IRMS) techniques. Path analysis was used to evaluate the transformation processes between organic N fractions derived from fertilizer and N supply strategy in soil-plant system.

Results

The accumulation of fertilizer-derived N in different organic fractions was season-specific. At jointing stage, preferential enrichment of ¹⁵?N was found in soil amino acids plus amino sugars, indicating the active biological immobilization of basal dressing fertilizer N. Nevertheless, there is still a small proportion of fertilizer N stabilized in the acid insoluble fraction. The accumulation of the residual fertilizer N in hydrolyzable ammonium N reached a maximum at filling stage and then declined significantly, implying the rapid release of the fertilizer N remained in mineral forms. The contents of amino acids changed slightly, but they played a very important role in mediating SON transformation.

Conclusion

The hydrolyzable ammonium N was a temporary pool for rapid fertilizer N retention and simultaneously was apt to release N for crop uptake in the current season. In contrast, the amino acids could serve as a transitional pool of available N in the soil-crop system, while the acid insoluble fraction was as a stable pool of fertilizer N. Importantly, there is an interim shift among different pools to maintain soil N turnover; hence N in the amino acid fraction mediates N supply and the depolymerization of SON constituents controls the proceeding of fertilizer N cycling in the soil-plant system.     

Cloning,expression, and characterization of a novel diketoreductase from Acinetobacter baylyi

Reductions of carbonyl groups catalyzed by oxidoreductases are involved in all biological processes and are often a class of important biocatalyst. In this article, we report a novel enzyme designated as diketoreductase （DKR） that was able to reduce two carbonyl groups in a diketo ester to corresponding dihydroxy ester with excellent stereoselectivity. The DKR was cloned from Acinetobacter baylyi by reverse genetic method, heterogeneously expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified to homogeneity by two chromatographic steps. This novel enzyme exhibited dual cofactor specificity, with a preference of NADH over NADPH. The dihydroxy ester product catalyzed by the DKR was only 3R,5S-stereoisomer with both diastereomeric excess and enantiomeric excess values more than 99.5%. In addition, some biochemical properties of the enzyme, such as the optimal pH and temperature, were also characterized. Furthermore, sequence analysis indicated that this new enzyme was homologous to bacterial 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme-A dehydrogenase. More importantly, based on the unique catalytic activity and excellent stereoselectivity, the DKR could be utilized in the synthesis of valuable chiral drug intermediates, such as Lipitor.     

伴刀豆球蛋白A和层粘连蛋白与膜受体结合下膜分子运动及微丝组装变化的比较

研究伴刀豆球蛋白A和层粘连蛋白分别与小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞膜受体结合下引起细胞膜分子运动的变化和对微丝组装的影响.结果表明,伴刀豆球蛋白A和层粘连蛋白作用下均导致膜表面蛋白分子的侧向扩散速率减慢,膜脂流动性降低,加快膜内微丝组装并使微丝含量增加.两配体作用下引起细胞上述反应有相似性.     

运动性骨骼肌疲劳亚细胞机制的探讨

本实验采用持续性下坡跑运动,观察大鼠骨骼肌运动后不同时相线粒体形态、代谢、机能等指标的变化,结果表明：大鼠运动后即刻线粒体钙含量、细胞膜丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）值明显增加,ＡＴＰ含量和细胞膜Ｎａ＋,Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性下降;运动后２４ｈ线粒体钙含量、ＭＤＡ值增加最明显,ＡＴＰ含量仍未恢复,细胞膜Ｎａ＋,Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰ酶活性基本恢复,线粒体体密度、平均体积比运动前明显增加,比表面缩小;运动后４８ｈＡＴＰ含量完全恢复,线粒体钙含量、ＭＤＡ值开始恢复。本研究结果提示,急性运动引起的细胞膜脂质过氧化加强、线粒体形态、代谢机能异常抑制线粒体氧化磷酸化过程、减少ＡＴＰ生成可能是运动性骨骼肌疲劳的亚细胞机制之一。耐力训练可以通过改善线粒体形态、代谢、机能提高机体的运动能力。     

渗透压调控对裂殖壶菌发酵产DHA的影响

考察了不同渗透胁迫(0、10、20、30和40 g/L NaCl)对裂殖壶菌HX-308发酵产DHA及脂肪酸构成的影响。结果表明:20 g/L NaCl最有利于裂殖壶菌生长和DHA积累,生物量、总脂肪酸含量、DHA产量及DHA占生物量的比值分别为73 g/L、10.7 g/L、5.0 g/L和68 mg/g,并且DHA在总脂肪酸中所占百分比最高,为45.2%。此外,在低渗透压(10 g/L NaCl)条件下,添加40 mmol/L甘氨酸甜菜碱,DHA产量与未添加相比提高了28.21%;在高渗透压(40 g/L NaCl)条件下添加40 mmol/L海藻糖,DHA产量提高了46.84%;表明添加适量的外源相容性溶质能有效地促进裂殖壶菌积累DHA。     

上海部分地区戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)基因型的分析

为了解戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)在上海部分地区流行的基因型,采用RT-nPCR的方法检验35例急性散发性戊型肝炎患者中HEV RNA,并对阳性产物进行克隆测序,然后对其基因型进行分析.结果显示在35例急性散发性戊型肝炎患者中PCR阳性为9例,测序证实8例为HEV的基因序列;其中1例为HEV 1型,7例为HEV 4型.提示在上海部分地区的急性散发性戊型肝炎中以HEV 4型感染为主.     

随机扩增多态性DNA原理及其在动物研究中的应用

RAPD(随机扩增多态性DNA)技术是一项应用日益广泛的遗传标记技术。与PCR和RFLP相比,该技术具有简便、快速、准确以及成本相对较低等特点,已成为众多分子标记技术中走向普及的先锋技术。阐述了RAPD的原理和方法,综述了RAPD目前在动物研究中的应用进展,并对RAPD技术应用前景作进一步阐述。