基因型×环境互作效应对水稻穗部性状杂种优势的影响

采用包括基因型×环境互作效应的加性显性加性×加性上位性遗传模型,分析了籼粳杂交穗部性状杂种优势的两年资料．结果表明,７ 个穗部性状的杂种优势既由基因型控制也受环境（ 年份） 互作效应影响．主穗粒数、主穗长、一次和二次枝梗总长和着粒密度表现较强的正向群体平均优势,而一次和二次枝梗数则表现显著的负向优势．基因型×环境互作预测结果表明,主穗粒数、主穗长、一次枝梗总长在两年中的环境互作表现正效应,一次和二次枝梗数则为负效应,着粒密度和二次枝梗总长表现不同方向的效应．利用ＩＲ６６１５８３７（Ｐ１） 、ＩＲ６５６００８５（Ｐ２） 、明恢６３（Ｐ４） 和Ｒ６６９（Ｐ６） 进行杂交配组,其杂种后代易获得重穗型的穗部结构,可在超高产育种中加以利用．     

新疆地区拟埃蝗属一新种（直翅目：剑角蝗科）

记述采自新疆地区拟埃蝗属Pseudoeocyllina Liang一新种,即新疆拟埃蝗Pseudoeocyllin xinjiangensissp．nov．,模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所昆虫标本室。     

Biomechanics of knee ligaments: injury, healing, and repair

Knee ligament injuries are common, particularly in sports and sports related activities. Rupture of these ligaments upsets the balance between knee mobility and stability, resulting in abnormal knee kinematics and damage to other tissues in and around the joint that lead to morbidity and pain. During the past three decades, significant advances have been made in characterizing the biomechanical and biochemical properties of knee ligaments as an individual component as well as their contribution to joint function. Further, significant knowledge on the healing process and replacement of ligaments after rupture have helped to evaluate the effectiveness of various treatment procedures. This review paper provides an overview of the current biological and biomechanical knowledge on normal knee ligaments, as well as ligament healing and reconstruction following injury. Further, it deals with new and exciting functional tissue engineering approaches (ex. growth factors, gene transfer and gene therapy, cell therapy, mechanical factors, and the use of scaffolding materials) aimed at improving the healing of ligaments as well as the interface between a replacement graft and bone. In addition, it explores the anatomical, biological and functional perspectives of current reconstruction procedures. Through the utilization of robotics technology and computational modeling, there is a better understanding of the kinematics of the knee and the in situ forces in knee ligaments and replacement grafts. The research summarized here is multidisciplinary and cutting edge that will ultimately help improve the treatment of ligament injuries. The material presented should serve as an inspiration to future investigators.     

TNF-α-induced exosomal miR-146a mediates mesenchymal stem cell-dependent suppression of urethral stricture

The effective treatment of urethral stricture remains a medical problem. The use of proinflammatory cytokines as stimuli to improve the reparative efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) towards damaged tissues represents an evolving field of investigation. However, the therapeutic benefits of this strategy in the treatment of urethral stricture remain unknown. Here, we enriched exosomes derived from human umbilical cord-derived MSCs pretreated with or without tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) to evaluate their therapeutic effects in an in vivo model of TGFβ1-induced urethral stricture. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received sham (saline) or TGFβ1 injections to urethral tissues followed by incisions in the urethra. Animals in the TGFβ1 injection (urethral fibrosis) cohort were subsequently injected with vehicle control, or with exosomes derived from MSCs cultured with or without TNF-α. After 4 weeks, rats underwent ultrasound evaluation and, following euthanasia, urethral tissues were harvested for histological and molecular analysis. In vitro, the effects of MSC-derived exosomes on fibroblast secretion of collagen and cytokines were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blot analysis. Exosomes derived from MSCs pretreated with TNF-α were more effective in suppressing urethral fibrosis and stricture than exosomes from untreated MSCs. We found that miR-146a, an anti-inflammatory miRNA, was strongly upregulated in TNF-α-stimulated MSCs and was selectively packaged into exosomes. Moreover, miR-146a-containing exosomes were taken up by fibroblasts and inhibited fibroblast activation and associated inflammatory responses, a finding that may underlie the therapeutic mechanism for suppression of urethral stricture. Inhibition of miR-146a in TNF-α-treated MSCs partially reduced antifibrotic effects and increased the release of proinflammatory factors of exosomes derived from these cells. Together these findings demonstrate that exosomes derived from TNF-α-treated MSCs are of therapeutic benefit in urethral fibrosis, suggesting that this strategy may have utility as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of urethral stricture diseases.     

蝎毒对人肝癌细胞(SMMC7721)和宫颈癌(Hela)细胞抑制作用的研究

目的:探讨蝎毒粗粉及经初步纯化的蝎毒对人肝癌细胞(SMMC7721)和Hela细胞株的抑制作用。方法:以四甲基偶氮唑盐法(MTT),Western Blotting,免疫细胞化学以及荧光标记的方法,对人肝癌细胞(SMMC7721)和Hela细胞株的凋亡相关蛋白进行检测。结果:蝎毒粗毒及经初步纯化的蝎毒具有诱导SMMC7721和Hela凋亡的作用。结论:蝎毒粗毒及经初步纯化的蝎毒对人肝癌细胞(SMMC 7721)及Hela细胞的生长具有明显的抑制作用。     

植物对土壤中铀的吸收与富集

核工业发展导致重金属铀排放和扩散,并造成了地表土壤的污染,对人类的生存环境产生了极其不利的影响。如何修复铀污染土壤成为亟待解决的问题。近年来发展起来的植物修复技术以其成本低廉、安全和环保的特点成为修复铀污染土壤的新选择。寻找理想的铀富集植物是这一技术的基础和关键。该文通过实验模拟铀污染的土壤（土壤中铀的浓度为100 mg.kg–1）,进行一次和二次铀污染土壤的植物修复后,从4个方面对植物修复铀污染土壤效果进行评估,即富集铀的浓度、生物提取量、生物富集系数（BFS）和转运系数（TFS）。实验结果表明：第1次修复时,四季香油麦菜（Lactuca dolichophylla）地上部富集铀的浓度为1.67×103 mg.kg–1,生物富集系数和转移系数均大于3;第2次修复时,麦冬（Ophiopogon japoni-cus）富集铀的浓度与第1次修复相比变化不大,而吊兰（Chlorophytum comosum）、四季豆（Phaseolus vulgaris）和艾蒿（Artemisia lavandulaefolia）富集铀的浓度与第1次修复相比均减少4–8倍;施加土壤改良剂鸡粪肥、海藻肥和柠檬酸后发现海藻肥和柠檬酸能够增强植物对铀污染土壤的修复;对两次修复土壤中铀的形态进行对比分析,发现二次修复时土壤中生物有效态铀的含量降低,造成第2次修复的难度增加。     

微流控芯片技术在细胞生物学研究中的应用进展

20世纪90年代以来,微流控芯片技术得到了快速发展。由于具有小型化、集成化、高通量、低消耗、分析快速等特点,微流控芯片作为一种新型的生物学研究平台,能够提供传统方法不具备的精细和可控制的细胞研究条件,在细胞生物学研究领域中得到了广泛关注。该文主要介绍其在细胞培养、分选、裂解、计数、凋亡检测、迁移、单细胞捕获、细胞间作用等方面的研究进展。