全文获取类型
收费全文 | 91264篇 |
免费 | 7670篇 |
国内免费 | 6286篇 |
专业分类
105220篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 170篇 |
2023年 | 1072篇 |
2022年 | 2467篇 |
2021年 | 4215篇 |
2020年 | 2802篇 |
2019年 | 3398篇 |
2018年 | 3427篇 |
2017年 | 2431篇 |
2016年 | 3388篇 |
2015年 | 5351篇 |
2014年 | 6184篇 |
2013年 | 6924篇 |
2012年 | 8081篇 |
2011年 | 7405篇 |
2010年 | 4458篇 |
2009年 | 3988篇 |
2008年 | 4767篇 |
2007年 | 4234篇 |
2006年 | 3673篇 |
2005年 | 3152篇 |
2004年 | 2619篇 |
2003年 | 2321篇 |
2002年 | 2038篇 |
2001年 | 1772篇 |
2000年 | 1759篇 |
1999年 | 1662篇 |
1998年 | 970篇 |
1997年 | 923篇 |
1996年 | 936篇 |
1995年 | 839篇 |
1994年 | 787篇 |
1993年 | 604篇 |
1992年 | 908篇 |
1991年 | 726篇 |
1990年 | 678篇 |
1989年 | 587篇 |
1988年 | 476篇 |
1987年 | 401篇 |
1986年 | 381篇 |
1985年 | 341篇 |
1984年 | 253篇 |
1983年 | 220篇 |
1982年 | 131篇 |
1981年 | 127篇 |
1980年 | 94篇 |
1979年 | 163篇 |
1978年 | 89篇 |
1977年 | 107篇 |
1975年 | 114篇 |
1974年 | 118篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
Huan Chen Lemin Li Jing Ren Yang Wang Yangming Zhao Xiong Wang Sheng Wang Shizhong Xu 《PloS one》2015,10(12)
This paper aims at minimizing the communication cost for collecting flow information in Software Defined Networks (SDN). Since flow-based information collecting method requires too much communication cost, and switch-based method proposed recently cannot benefit from controlling flow routing, jointly optimize flow routing and polling switch selection is proposed to reduce the communication cost. To this end, joint optimization problem is formulated as an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model firstly. Since the ILP model is intractable in large size network, we also design an optimal algorithm for the multi-rooted tree topology and an efficient heuristic algorithm for general topology. According to extensive simulations, it is found that our method can save up to 55.76% communication cost compared with the state-of-the-art switch-based scheme. 相似文献
992.
Yang X Harkins LK Zubanova O Harrington A Kovalenko D Nadeau RJ Chen PY Toher JL Lindner V Liaw L Friesel R 《Developmental biology》2008,321(1):64-76
The FGF signaling pathway plays essential roles in endochondral ossification by regulating osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, chondrocyte proliferation, hypertrophy, and apoptosis. FGF signaling is controlled by the complementary action of both positive and negative regulators of the signal transduction pathway. The Spry proteins are crucial regulators of receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated MAPK signaling activity. Sprys are expressed in close proximity to FGF signaling centers and regulate FGFR-ERK-mediated organogenesis. During endochondral ossification, Spry genes are expressed in prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Using a conditional transgenic approach in chondrocytes in vivo, the forced expression of Spry1 resulted in neonatal lethality with accompanying skeletal abnormalities resembling thanatophoric dysplasia II, including increased apoptosis and decreased chondrocyte proliferation in the presumptive reserve and proliferating zones. In vitro chondrocyte cultures recapitulated the inhibitory effect of Spry1 on chondrocyte proliferation. In addition, overexpression of Spry1 resulted in sustained ERK activation and increased expression of p21 and STAT1. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that Spry1 expression in chondrocyte cultures resulted in decreased FGFR2 ubiquitination and increased FGFR2 stability. These results suggest that constitutive expression of Spry1 in chondrocytes results in attenuated FGFR2 degradation, sustained ERK activation, and up-regulation of p21Cip and STAT1 causing dysregulated chondrocyte proliferation and terminal differentiation. 相似文献
993.
Brassinosteroids promote development of rice pollen grains and seeds by triggering expression of Carbon Starved Anther,a MYB domain protein 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2 下载免费PDF全文
Xiaolei Zhu Wanqi Liang Xiao Cui Mingjiao Chen Changsong Yin Zhijing Luo Jiaying Zhu William J. Lucas Zhiyong Wang Dabing Zhang 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2015,82(4):570-581
Transport of photoassimilates from leaf tissues (source regions) to the sink organs is essential for plant development. Here, we show that a phytohormone, the brassinosteroids (BRs) promotes pollen and seed development in rice by directly promoting expression of Carbon Starved Anther (CSA) which encodes a MYB domain protein. Over‐expression of the BR‐synthesis gene D11 or a BR‐signaling factor OsBZR1 results in higher sugar accumulation in developing anthers and seeds, as well as higher grain yield compared with control non‐transgenic plants. Conversely, knockdown of D11 or OsBZR1 expression causes defective pollen maturation and reduced seed size and weight, with less accumulation of starch in comparison with the control. Mechanically, OsBZR1 directly promotes CSA expression and CSA directly triggers expression of sugar partitioning and metabolic genes during pollen and seed development. These findings provide insight into how BRs enhance plant reproduction and grain yield in an important agricultural crop. 相似文献
994.
995.
996.
Previous research demonstrated excessive decreases in reward sensitivity and increases in harm avoidance in depressed individuals. These results straightly lead to a hypothesis that depressed patients should avoid novelty or express reduced novelty-seeking behavior. Nevertheless, literature in this regard is inconsistent. Furthermore, whether the potentially altered novelty-associated behavior is dependent on changed anxiety/fear or related to altered goal-directed approaching tendency is unclear. Here, we tested novel object-approaching behavior in a free-exploration paradigm in chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced anhedonic and stress-resistant rats respectively. Other CMS-induced, emotional behaviors were also examined in a battery of behavioral tests including novel cage, exploration, locomotor activity and elevated plus maze (EPM). We found that compared with controls, stress-resistant rats who consistently showed lower anxiety level in EPM (time in open arms) and, open-field (OF) test (time in central area) showed no sign of enhanced novel object approaching behavior. To the contrary, the anhedonic ones who did not express any sign of reduced anxiety showed paradoxically intensified novelty-approaching behavior. We concluded that reduced anxiety would not necessarily lead to enhanced novelty-seeking behavior; anhedonia coexists with anxiety-independent, increased novelty-seeking behavior. The salient paradox of coexistence of anhedonia and increased novelty-seeking behavior was critically discussed. 相似文献
997.
Liu Xi Ding Li Yuan Jing Liao Jian Duan Lian Wang Wenfei Tan Weiguo Yu Weiye Zhou Boping Chen Xinchun Yang Zheng 《中国病毒学》2019,34(3):334-337
<正>Dear Editor,H7 N9 is a recently identified subtype of influenza A virus that caused a major outbreak in humans in China in 2013.According to the latest data provided by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(http://www.moh.gov.cn/zwgk/yqbb3/ejlist.shtml, updated on October 31, 2018),the mortality rate of H7 N9 infections in China amounts to 相似文献
998.
Q Chen M Chopp M O Dereski B C Wilson M S Patterson A Schreiber F W Hetzel 《Radiation research》1992,132(1):120-123
This paper reports the effect of incident light fluence rate on the depth to which necrotic lesions are produced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the brains of normal Fisher rats. The rats were injected intraperitoneally with Photofrin (12.5 mg kg-1) 48 h prior to PDT with a fixed incident fluence of 35 J cm-2. The treatment was performed at 10, 50, 100, and 200 mW cm-2 and also in a periodic manner (30 s "on" at 100 mW cm-2, 30 s "off"). The depth to which necrosis occurred was determined 24 h after treatment by microscopic examination of tissue sections. No differences were found in the depth to which necrosis was produced by any of the five irradiation schedules. This finding is discussed in the context of other published dose-rate experiments. 相似文献
999.
Ranyue Ren Jiachao Guo Yangmengfan Chen Yayun Zhang Liangxi Chen Wei Xiong 《Cell proliferation》2021,54(11)
The bone remodelling process is closely related to bone health. Osteoblasts and osteoclasts participate in the bone remodelling process under the regulation of various factors inside and outside. Excessive activation of osteoclasts or lack of function of osteoblasts will cause occurrence and development of multiple bone‐related diseases. Ca2+/Calcineurin/NFAT signalling pathway regulates the growth and development of many types of cells, such as cardiomyocyte differentiation, angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, myogenesis, bone development and regeneration, etc. Some evidences indicate that this signalling pathway plays an extremely important role in bone formation and bone pathophysiologic changes. This review discusses the role of Ca2+/Calcineurin/NFAT signalling pathway in the process of osteogenic differentiation, as well as the influence of regulating each component in this signalling pathway on the differentiation and function of osteoblasts, whereby the relationship between Ca2+/Calcineurin/NFAT signalling pathway and osteoblastogenesis could be deeper understood. 相似文献
1000.
Chia-Cheng Hung Shee-Uan Chen Shin-Yu Lin Mei-Ya Fang Yi-Yi Tsai Yu-Shih Yang Yi-Ning Su 《Analytical biochemistry》2010,400(1):69-77
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is employed increasingly to allow transfer of embryos to the uterus in assisted reproduction procedures. There are three stages of biopsy: polar bodies, one or two blastomeres from the cleavage-stage embryos, and trophectoderm cells (∼5 cells) from the blastocyst-stage embryos. Validation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays are challenging because only limited genetic material can be obtained for PGD. In the current study, we modified a valid single-cell PCR protocol for PGD using real-time PCR assay with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) hybridization probes followed by melting curve analysis. We optimized and clinically applied the protocol, permitting molecular genetic analysis to amplify a specific region on the beta-globin (HBB) gene for a couple, carriers of two mutations: c.-78A>G and c.52A>T. Among a total of eight embryos obtained after ovarian stimulation, a single blastomere per embryo at the six- to eight-cell stage was biopsied. This PGD method showed that four embryos were unaffected, two embryos were selected for transfer, and one pregnancy was achieved. Finally, a healthy male baby was delivered at 38 weeks’ gestation. The results obtained using the new method, FRET hybridization probes, were compared with findings using an existing method, primer extension minisequencing. 相似文献