This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) on rat cortical neurons exposed to oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) and to elucidate the corresponding mechanisms. Primary rat cortical neurons were exposed to OGD/R, which is commonly used in vitro to mimic ischemic injury, and then treated with 5- or 20-nm Au-NPs. We then evaluated cell viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial respiration in these neurons. We found that 20-nm Au-NPs increased cell viability, alleviated neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress, and improved mitochondrial respiration after OGD/R injury, while opposite effects were observed for 5-nm Au-NPs. In terms of the underlying mechanisms, we found that Au-NPs could regulate Akt signaling. Taken together, these results show that 20-nm Au-NPs can protect primary cortical neurons against OGD/R injury, possibly by decreasing apoptosis and oxidative stress, while activating Akt signaling and mitochondrial pathways. Our results suggest that Au-NPs may be potential therapeutic agents for ischemic stroke.
IL-22-producing CD4+ T cells (IL-22+CD4+ T cells) and Th22 cells (IL-22+IL-17?IFN-γ?CD4+ T cells) represent newly discovered T-cell subsets, but their nature, regulation, and clinical relevance in gastric cancer (GC) are presently unknown. In our study, the frequency of IL-22+CD4+ T cells in tumor tissues from 76 GC patients was significantly higher than that in tumor-draining lymph nodes, non-tumor, and peritumoral tissues. Most intratumoral IL-22+CD4+ T cells co-expressed IL-17 and IFN-γ and showed a memory phenotype. Locally enriched IL-22+CD4+ T cells positively correlated with increased CD14+ monocytes and IL-6 and IL-23 detection ex vivo, and in vitro IL-6 and IL-23 induced the polarization of IL-22+CD4+ T cells in a dose-dependent manner and the polarized IL-22+CD4+ T cells co-expressed of IL-17 and IFN-γ. Moreover, IL-22+CD4+ T-cell subsets (IL-22+IL-17+CD4+, IL-22+IL-17?CD4+, IL-22+IFN-γ+CD4+, IL-22+IFN-γ?CD4+, and IL-22+IL-17+IFN-γ+CD4+ T cells), and Th22 cells were also increased in tumors. Furthermore, higher intratumoral IL-22+CD4+ T-cell percentage and Th22-cell percentage were found in patients with tumor-node-metastasis stage advanced and predicted reduced overall survival. In conclusion, our data indicate that IL-22+CD4+ T cells and Th22 cells are likely important in establishing the tumor microenvironment for GC; increased intratumoral IL-22+CD4+ T cells and Th22 cells are associated with tumor progression and predict poorer patient survival, suggesting that tumor-infiltrating IL-22+CD4+ T cells and Th22 cells may be suitable therapeutic targets in patients with GC. 相似文献
The silk egg case and orb web of spiders are elaborate structures that are assembled from a number of components. We analysed
the structure, the amino acid and fibre compositions, and the tensile properties of the silk fibres of the egg case of Nephila clavata. SEM shows that the outer and inner covers of the egg case consist of thick, medium and thin silk fibres. The silk fibres
of the outer cover of the egg case are probably produced by the major and minor ampullate glands. The silk fibres of the inner
cover of the egg case from cylindrical glands appears to be distinct from the silk fibres of the major ampullate glands based
on their micro-morphology, mole percent amino acid composition and types, and tensile behaviour and properties. Collectively,
our investigations show that N. clavata uses silk fibres from relatively few glands in varying combinations to achieve different physical and chemical properties
(e.g., color, diameter, morphology and amino acid composition) and functional and mechanical properties in the different layers
of the egg case. 相似文献