生活垃圾堆肥淋洗液培植无土草皮的生态特征

以生活垃圾堆肥淋洗液培植无土草皮,结果表明,垃圾堆肥淋洗液中有机质、全氮、有效磷及其它营养元素含量显著高于对照土壤淋洗液,能够充分满足草坪植物生长需要。高浓度淋洗液使黑麦草和高羊茅种子萌发高峰期推迟出现,但不影响发芽率,到萌发第11天,种子发芽率分别达到94％和92％以上。对黑麦草而言,80％的淋洗液可显著提高植株高度、地上生物量和叶绿素含量;对高羊茅,60％的淋洗液则为最佳浓度。当淋洗液培植的无土草皮进行田间铺坪90d时,黑麦草和高羊茅草皮地上生物量分别达到5．38g／块和7．89g／块,并显著高于对照草皮（P〈0．05）,而地下生物量和根长差异不显著。垃圾堆肥淋洗液改变了黑麦草和高羊茅植株地上／地下生物量的分配格局,使其根冠比降低,其分别为4．60和3．71,并明显低于对照。从坪用性状上看,铺坪后垃圾堆肥淋洗液培养的草皮叶色深绿,质地柔软光滑,明显优于土壤淋洗液培养的对照草皮。     

Identification of candidate predictive and surrogate molecular markers for dasatinib in prostate cancer: rationale for patient selection and efficacy monitoring

Background  

Dasatinib is a potent, multi-targeted kinase inhibitor that was recently approved for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia resistant to imatinib. To aid the clinical development of dasatinib in prostate cancer, we utilized preclinical models to identify potential molecular markers for patient stratification and efficacy monitoring.     

早熟禾对4种重金属胁迫生长响应特征

采用砂培法研究了早熟禾对不同浓度Cu2 、Zn2 、Cd2 和Pb2 胁迫的生长响应特征.结果表明,当Cu2 、Zn2 、Cd2 的浓度达100 m g/L时,早熟禾的种子萌发率、幼苗株高均有所下降,并随着胁迫浓度的增加,下降幅度增大;Pb2 对两指标的影响不太明显.Cu2 对根系及地上生物量具有抑制作用,尤其对根系生长抑制效应极为明显,当浓度增加到600 m g/L时,与对照相比,根长最高下降了96.67%.Zn2 、Cd2 和Pb2 在浓度超过200 m g/L时对早熟禾根系及地上生物量表现出抑制效应,并随着浓度的增加抑制效应增加.4种重金属对叶绿素的影响表现出一致的规律,即当浓度小于200 m g/L时对叶绿素的合成起促进作用,当浓度超过200 m g/L时,叶绿素的含量又随着处理浓度的增加而下降.     

遮荫对山麦冬生长特性和生物量分配的影响

研究了不同遮荫水平（遮光率分别为:对照0%、 20%、50%、70%～75%、80%～85%、92.5%）对山麦冬生长以及生物量分配特性的影响。结果表明,随着遮荫程度的加重,山麦冬的生物量增量表出现先上升后下降的趋势,在遮荫50%水平下生物量增量达到最高;随光强减弱同化物分配发生改变,叶重比增加,根重比和根冠比下降。此外,遮荫还提高了植株的含水量和冠径。我们还观察到强光环境和深度遮荫均不利于花序、分蘖和块根的形成。因此,我们认为山麦冬作为耐荫植物对光环境具有一定的适应能力,强光或严重遮荫均不利于其正常生长发育。     

中国温带地区根瘤菌与山黎豆和棘豆的新共生组合

采用16S rDNAPCR—RFLP,16S－23S IGS RCP—RFLP,TP－RAPD,MLEE,16S rDNA和持家基因序列分析（atpD,recA和glnⅡ）等多种方法研究了50株分离自中国北方地区的山黎豆属（Lathyrus）和棘豆属（Oxytropus）植物根瘤菌的遗传多样性和系统发育关系．结果表明,山黎豆属植物主要与根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）结瘤,而棘豆属植物主要与中华根瘤菌属（Sinorhizobium）结瘤．一个与蚕豆根瘤菌（R．fabae）相近的根瘤菌种群和苜蓿中华根瘤菌（s．meliloti）分别被鉴定为山黎豆和棘豆在本地区的主要共生细菌,而这两个根瘤菌一豆科植物的组合还没有在其他地区被发现．这些结果扩展了与该两属植物共生的细菌谱,并为根瘤菌的生物地理学研究提供了新证据．     

蛋白的色谱复性及同时纯化

对近年来新发展的用液相色谱(LC)进行蛋白质复性及同时纯化的方法做了评述,详细介绍了蛋白质在4种液相色谱上的复性及同时纯化的方法、设备和影响因素,并对各自的优缺点进行了比较,为色谱法作为研究蛋白质折叠及用于基因工程生产治疗蛋白质的复性及同时纯化技术的进一步应用提供依据。     

一株具广谱抗真菌活性细菌菌株的分离鉴定及拮抗物的理化特性

从玉米小斑病叶片上分离到一株细菌(CGMCC No. 1982)。拮抗谱测定结果表明, 该菌株对常见致病真菌均具有不同程度的拮抗作用, 表现广谱抗真菌活性。对该菌株的菌落、菌体形态观察, 生理生化特性分析及16S rDNA序列测定结果表明, 该菌株为一株枯草芽孢杆菌。以玉米小斑病菌做为指示真菌, 对拮抗物的理化特性进行了研究, 结果表明, 在硫酸铵饱和度为60%时获得的拮抗物沉淀具较好的抗真菌活性, 并且该拮抗物对热、酸和碱较稳定; 对蛋白酶、氯仿敏感; 对紫外线部分敏感。该菌株表现出较好的微生物杀菌剂开     

Development of a mechanism-based assay for tissue transglutaminase--results of a high-throughput screen and discovery of inhibitors

Tissue transglutaminase (TGase) is a Ca(2+)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes cross-linking of intracellular proteins through a mechanism that involves isopeptide bond formation between Gln and Lys residues. In addition to its transamidation activity, TGase can bind guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) and does so in a manner that is antagonized by calcium. Once bound, GTP undergoes hydrolysis to form guanosine 5'-diphosphate and inorganic phosphate. TGase is thought to play a pathogenic role in neurodegenerative diseases by promoting aggregation of disease-specific proteins that accumulate in these disorders. Thus, this enzyme represents a viable target for drug discovery. We now report the development of a mechanism-based assay for TGase and the results of a screen using this assay in which we tested 56,500 drug-like molecules for their ability to inhibit TGase. In this assay, the Gln- and Lys-donating substrates are N,N-dimethylated casein (NMC) and N-Boc-Lys-NH-CH(2)-CH(2)-NH-dansyl (KXD), respectively. Through a combination of steady state kinetic experiments and reaction progress curve simulations, we were able to calculate values for the initial concentrations of NMC, KXD, and Ca(2+) that would produce a steady state situation in which all thermodynamically significant forms of substrate-bound TGase exist in equal concentration. Under these conditions, the assay is sensitive to both competitive and mixed active-site inhibitors and to inhibitors that bind to the GTP site. The assay was optimized for automated screening in 384-well format and was then used to test our compound library. From among these compounds, 104 authentic hits that represent several mechanistic classes were identified.     

Impacts of grazing intensity and increased precipitation on a grasshopper assemblage (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in a meadow steppe

1. Grasshoppers are dominant herbivores in grassland ecosystems, and many studies have examined how grazing by large herbivores and precipitation patterns individually influence the dynamics of grassland grasshopper assemblages, but their combined effects are largely unknown. 2. In this study, grazing intensities (ungrazed, moderate, and heavy) were manipulated and precipitation (ambient and increased amount of rainfall) altered in a field experiment to test the effects of grazing and altered precipitation on a grasshopper community in a meadow steppe in northeastern China. 3. It was found that grasshopper species richness did not change according to different grazing intensities under ambient precipitation, but was significantly higher (by 38.1%) in moderate grazing intensities under increased precipitation. Grasshopper abundance increased considerably with increasing grazing intensities in ambient precipitation treatments; however, grasshopper abundance in heavy grazing intensities was significantly lower (by 32.9%) than in the other two grazing intensities under increased precipitation. Moreover, the responses of grasshopper abundance to grazing under altered precipitation were species‐specific. 4. Grazing effects on grasshopper species diversity were mediated through the species richness and biomass of grasses (food resources), but the effects on grasshopper abundance were mediated through plant height (vegetation structure) under altered precipitation. 5. These results suggest that appropriate grazing by large herbivores would be considered as beneficial management practices for maintaining grasshopper diversity and abundance under conditions of increased precipitation in grassland ecosystems. Additionally, greater attention should be paid to the population dynamics of different grasshopper species to better understand the responses of grasslands to grazing and altered precipitation.     

Sleep apnea and risk of pneumonia: a nationwide population-based study

Background:

Evidence evaluating the risk of pneumonia in patients with obstructive sleep apnea is limited and mostly focuses on patients who receive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy or on pediatric patients. We aimed to explore the risk of incident pneumonia among adults with sleep apnea, either with or without the need of CPAP therapy.

Methods:

From Jan. 1, 2000, we identified adult patients with sleep apnea from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. A control cohort without sleep apnea, matched for age, sex and comorbidities, was selected for comparison. The 2 cohorts were followed until Dec. 31, 2010, and observed for occurrence of pneumonia.

Results:

Of the 34 100 patients (6816 study patients and 27 284 matched controls), 2757 (8.09%) had pneumonia during a mean follow-up period of 4.50 years, including 638 (9.36%) study patients and 2119 (7.77%) controls. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a higher incidence of pneumonia among patients with sleep apnea (log rank test, p < 0.001). After multivariate adjustment, patients with sleep apnea experienced a 1.20-fold (95% confidence interval 1.10–1.31) increase in incident pneumonia. The risk was even higher among patients who received CPAP therapy.

Interpretation:

Sleep apnea appeared to confer a higher risk for future pneumonia, possibly in a severity-dependent manner.Obstructive sleep apnea is a prevalent disorder that affects about 20% of Americans and probably a higher percentage of Asian people.^1,2 This disease is characterized by intermittent collapse of the upper airway during sleep that leads to intermittent hypoxemia and sleep fragmentation.³ Its close linkage to a variety of cardiovascular diseases and neurocognitive dysfunction has been demonstrated in the recent decade.^4,5Patients with obstructive sleep apnea were reported to have a higher risk of pulmonary aspiration of pharyngeal contents during sleep.⁶ Moreover, immune perturbations secondary to disrupted sleep may render them susceptible to invasion of pathogens.⁷ Both could potentiate the emergence of pneumonia. However, there are few studies addressing the relation between sleep apnea and pneumonia, and most of the studies involve small samples, are cross-sectional in design or lack information associated with development of pneumonia.^8–11 We conducted this nationwide population-based study to determine whether sleep apnea predisposed the development of pneumonia.